Polyester also

Alkaline hydrolysis in a solvent (dimethylformamide, dimethylsulphoxide or dimethyl-acetamide) containing sodium hydroxide has been investigated [164]- Fabric geometry [165] and the degree of heat setting of the polyester also influence the results. As the temperature of heat setting was increased, the accelerating effect of dodecylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride decreased [166]. Basic-dyeable polyester is particularly sensitive to alkaline hydrolysis [167]. In some cases, saponification has been used to produce special effects such as a leather-like finish [168]. 

Polyesters are in widespread use in our modem life, ranging from bottles for carbonated soft drinks and water, to fibres for shirts and other apparel. Polyester also forms the base for photographic film and recording tape. Household tradenames, such as Dacron , Fortrel , Terylene and Mylar , demonstrate the ubiquitous nature of polyesters. 

As in the preparation of polyesters, also in the preparation of polyamides, the reaction temperature can be considerably reduced by using derivatives of dicarbo-xylic acids instead of the free acids. Especially advantageous in this connection are the dicarboxylic acid chlorides which react with diamines at room temperature by the Schotten-Baumann reaction this polycondensation can be carried out in solution as well as by a special procedure known as interfacial polycondensation (see Examples 4-11 and 4-12). 

High temperature carrier. Best for level dyeing of polyester. Also recommended for repair and stripping of poor dyeings. 

Aliphatic polyesters also present a prominent y absorption caused by motions taking place in the amorphous phase. Neither the location nor the intensity of this process is sensitive to the degree of crystallinity. The variations observed in the intensity of the y relaxations in Figure 12.29 are due to changes in the chemical composition rather than to changes in the crystal-Unity. 

Water absorption is less in the case of cured polyesters containing aromatic acids, compared with those containing aliphatic saturated acids. Factors that contribute towards the flexibility of cured polyesters also tend to promote water absorption. The water sensitivity of cured resins also depends on the relative amounts of terminal hydroxyl and terminal carboxyl groups. 

Polyesters also are used in various polymer blends such as polycarbonate/poly(butylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate/acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylic) blends, poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(ethylene terephthalate), etc. Pyrolysis results on poly(vinyl chloride)/ poly(ethylene terephthalate) have been reported [64] showing that the two components influence each other, chloroesters of terephthaiic and benzoic acids being found in the pyrolysate. 

The films plasticized with AA-based polyesters also showed much higher levels of polyester enrichment at the surface than films plasticized with DMA-based polyesters, which indicates better miscibihty between PVC and polyesters containing methyl ester end-groups. Stronger interactions between plasticizer and matrix and less attractive interactions with water make methyl ester end-groups less inchned to be extracted by aqueous media than species with carboxyhc acid end-groups. Methyl ester end-groups also have a stabi-... 

EINECS 246-614-4 Isooctyl phosphite ((C8H170)3P) Phosphorous acid, triisooctyl ester Triisooctyl phosphite Weston TIOP. Intermediate insecticides lubricant additive specialty solvents stabilizer for acrylics, nylon, unsaturated polyester, PVC improves antiwear and antifriction properties. Stabilizer tor hot-melt adhesives. PU, polyesters used in molding, extrusion, and film applications in PP, HOPE, LDPE, PVC, and polyesters also useful for PP fiber applications and calendering of PVC. Oil d = 0.891. Albright i Wilson Americas Inc. GE Specialities Stave. 

One class of such materials is the fluorinated alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, a number of which have been prepared [1]. One of these esters, poly(l,l-dihydropentadecafluoro-octyl methacrylate), has a 11 dynes per cm.—less than Teflon TFE or even FEP [4]. Such materials, and others within the general class of unsaturated, appropriately fluorinated, polyesters warrant investigation for use either as thermoplastic hot-melt adhesives, or for cross linking in situ to form rigid thermoset adhesives. The saturated, appropriately fluorinated polyesters also warrant investigation as thermoplastic hot-melt adhesives. 

Most plants contain a mixture of the 16- and 18-carbon family of cutln monomers. Even though there appears to be a degree of species specificity In the cutln composition, whether the polymer structure can vary sufficiently to affect major functional properties of the polymer is not known. The polyester also contains covalently attached minor components such as phenolic acids and flavanolds (9,10) which. If released by the attacking pathogen, can play important roles in the Interaction between the pathogens and the host. However, such areas have not been explored adequately to draw firm conclusions. 

Polyester resins for waterborne paints mostly contain anionic groups (e.g., carboxyl groups) and become water soluble after amine neutralization. Waterborne paints based on polyesters also contain cosolvents, preferably glycol ethers. Powder coatings based on low molecular mass resins are solvent-free, like radiation-curable polyester paints. 

The workhorse of the RTS industry is TS polyester (also called polyester-TS) with glass fiber. The fiber reinforcement may be in the form of chopped fibers, porous nonwoven mats, woven fabrics, or continuous fibers. The combination of plastics and reinforcements results in versatile materials with unusual characteristics. The reinforcement adds strength and toughness to inherent weather resistance, moldability, and colorability. Thus RTSs are used because of their increased tensile, flexural, torsional, and impact strengths increased modulus of elasticity increased creep resistance reduced coefficient of thermal expansion increased thermal conductivity and, in many cases, lower costs. 

Polyesters also form from reactions of dicarboxylic acid anhydrides with glycols ... 

Polyesters also form in ring-opening polymerizations of lactones. This is discussed in Chapter 4. 

Polyesters also form by the Tischenko reaction from dialdehydes. The intramolecular hydride transfer reaction is typically catalyzed by bases ... 

Use of even 10 mole percent of a 1,3-disubstituted phenylene monomer (commonly called a bent comonomer), such as isophthalic acid, in typical polyesters also causes significantly lower melting points (Figure... 

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