Temporal information

In order to represent and reason with temporal information, we need to represent time explicitly and concisely. The discrete-time character of computer-aided data acquisition and control dictates that time should be represented as a sequence of strictly increasing time points ... 

In addition, combining the microscope with the use of a pulsed laser light source provides temporal information on these systems in a small domain. The dispersion of refractive index, however, strongly affects the temporal resolution in the measurements of dynamics under the microscope and typical resolution stays around 100 fs when a Ti Sapphire laser is used as an excitation source. 

The study of separate mineral phases or of granulometric fractions is another approach which can be used to recover temporal information from radioactive disequilibria in weathering profiles. Such approaches rely on the assumption that the fractions only contain or concentrate minerals phases specific of a single or of few stages of formation and evolution of weathering profiles, and hence can help to characterise the time constants of the corresponding stages. 

Coupled classifiers can perform complex calculations, such as handling temporal information. Recall that the input message list delivers a snapshot of current conditions in the reactor. If the reactor contains a pH probe, the message that the probe sends will define the latest pH of the reaction mixture. 

This approach (Chen and Romagnoli, 1997) tries to assess directly the behavior of measurements from the temporal information (historical record). A trust degree on each measurement is calculated by referring to the main structure of the data. The trust... 

The ability of fluorescence to provide temporal information is of major importance. Great progress has been made since the first determination of an excited-state lifetime by Gaviola in 1926 using a phase fluorometer. A time resolution of a few tens of picosecond can easily be achieved in both pulse and phase fluorometries by using high repetition rate picosecond lasers and microchannel plate photo-... 

Among optical sensors, those based on fluorescence are of major interest because of their ability to use spectral and temporal information multi-wavelength measurements allow simultaneous detection of two or more analytes, and discrimination between analytes is possible by time-resolved measurements. Multiplex capabilities represent the main advantage of such sensors compared to electrochemical devices. 

Wang R, MacMillan LB, Fremeau RT Jr, Magnuson MA, Lindner J, Limbird LE (1996) Expression of tt2-adrenergic receptor subtypes in the mouse brain evaluation of spatial and temporal information imparted by 3 kb of 5 regulatory sequence for the azA AR-receptor gene in transgenic animals. Neuroscience 74 199-218... 

Rigorous scale homogenization procedures lead to continuum models for the entire DPF (Bissett, 1984 Konstandopoulos et al., 2001, 2003) exploiting (as is common in continuum descriptions) a suitable scale disparity, namely the ratio of the channel hydraulic radius to the entire DPF diameter. The smallness of this parameter is invoked to formulate a perturbation expansion of the discrete multichannel equations. The continuum multichannel description of the DPF can accommodate various regeneration methods (thermal, catalytic and N02-assisted) and can provide spatio-temporal information of several quantities of interest (e.g. filter temperature, soot mass distribution, flow distribution, etc.) as illustrated in Fig. 38. 

Results from the EMEP observation stations that annually report the monthly POP concentrations [EMEP/ccc-reports (http //www.nilu.no/projects/ccc/reports)] are shown in Figs. 15b and 16b. These stations are located in central and northern Europe, so temporal information on POP concentrations in southern Europe, such as the Mediterranean, is missing. The present network of monitoring stations shows that in the period between 2002 and 2009, the lowest concentrations were observed at high latitudes in Spitsbergen, in the Arctic sea and that they increased with decreasing latitudes, with highest concentration in central Europe (e.g. Czech Republic). 

Steady-state extrapolation Fourier analysis Gating and signal filtering Transient signals Speeding up of response Spatial and temporal information Enhancement of selectivity Increasing order of measurement... 

Measure of CNS drug effects that assesses temporal information processing in the visual system the threshold for flicker detection at high frequencies (>30 Hz). 

Desynchronization of PNs affects the specificity of neurons in the P-lobes of the mushroom bodies (a neural convergence site post-synaptic to the calyces) (MacLeod el al., 1998). Application of picrotoxin to the AL resulted in a decreased ability of P-lobe neurons to correctly identify odors. Single P-lobe neurons showed responses to odors after desynchronization to which they were formerly silent and responses to similar odors lost odor-specific temporal features seen prior to picrotoxin application. These differences were never seen in PNs and the authors concluded that information is sampled across assemblies of responding PNs and that this information converges onto single neurons in the p-lobe. Thus, neurons downstream of the AL appear to read and decode temporal information conveyed by neurons leaving the AL. 

MacLeod K., Backer A. and Laurent G. (1998) Who reads temporal information contained across synchronized and oscillatory spike trains Nature 395(6703), 693-698. 

Schall U, Catts SV, Karayanidis F, Ward PB. 1999. Auditory event-related potential indices of fronto-temporal information processing in schizophrenia syndromes valid outcome prediction of clozapine therapy in a three-year follow-up. Int J Neuropsychopharmcol 2 83-93. 

Time is an abstract non-spatial construct, but humans often adapt spatial structures to convey temporal information (e.g., spatial metaphors, charts, and graphs see Tversky, this volume). Similarly, signers adapt signing space to express temporal information both at the lexical level and at the discourse level (see also Kita, this volume, for a discussion of how the gesture space of speakers is used to represent temporal information). 

The results of the airport study also address a concern raised by McGlone and Harding (1998), namely, that the use of a timeline in Experiments 1 and 2 may have accentuated, or even created, a reliance on spatial representations in this task. It is clearly possible that subjects in the first two studies were influenced by the explicit timeline task to transfer temporal information into a spatial format. However, the persistence of the metaphor consistency effect at O Hare is testament to the psychological reality of these spatio-temporal metaphoric systems. 

The nanoscale dimensions of the biorecognition receptor allow for miniaturized systems with decreased reagent and power consiunption and with the concomitant increase of spatial and temporal information per unit area of device enabling simultaneous multiparametric information. 

For those without native fluorescence, two common approaches have been employed, namely, derivatization and indirect fluorescence. Derivatizing agents should be pure, low fluorescent, and stable, as well as react quickly and uniquely with the analytes and, thus, formed compounds should be strongly fluorescent and stable. These include dansyl chloride, fluorescamine, 4-clair-7-nitro-benz-2-oxa-l,3-diazole (NBD), o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA), which have been used for the analyses of amino acids, peptides, proteins, thiols, and sugars with LOD in 1-100 nM range. Compared to LINF, approaches based on derivatization provide the advantages of relatively low cost and versatility in instrumentation, but they may suffer from contamination and loss of temporal information. 

In lieu of the detailed spatial and temporal information embodied within the concentration field c(r. 0, , z), it is of interest to compute a global temporal measure of the reaction kinetics so as to discern the exphcit effect of the fluctuations. Consequently, in addition to the concentration field c, we also compute the averaged time-dependent consumption rate of A, denoted 7(z) and defined as... 

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