Time-averaging

Table 1 removing average time of fluorescent penetrants... 

If attractive forces are present, then according to an equation by Frenkel (see Ref. 2), the average time of stay t of the molecule on the surface will be... 

The average time between collisions is then v and in this time tlie particle will typically travel a distance X, the mean free path, where... 

The first-order El "golden-rule" expression for the rates of photon-induced transitions can be recast into a form in which certain specific physical models are easily introduced and insights are easily gained. Moreover, by using so-called equilibrium averaged time correlation functions, it is possible to obtain rate expressions appropriate to a... 

This damping funetion s time seale parameter x is assumed to eharaeterize the average time between eollisions and thus should be inversely proportional to the eollision frequeney. Its magnitude is also related to the effeetiveness with whieh eollisions eause the dipole funetion to deviate from its unhindered rotational motion (i.e., related to the eollision strength). In effeet, the exponential damping eauses the time eorrelation funetion <( )j Eg ... 

The total time taken to carry out a sequence of operations (or instructions) is the average time for one operation multiplied by the number of operations. To carry out 100 instructions, each taking 100 nsec, requires a total of 10,000 nsec. 

Now, if the average time needed to complete one instruction is 100 nsec and there are 100 such operations but handled by 10 groups of processors working in parallel, then the time taken is only 1000 nsec (100/10) X 100. 

Flotation process kinetics determine the residence time, the average time a given particle stays in the flotation pulp from the instant it enters the ceU until it exits. One way to study flotation kinetics is to record flotation recoveries as a function of time under a given set of conditions such as pulp pH, coUector concentration, particle size, etc. The data allow the derivation of an expression that describes the rate of the process. 

Duration of Sample. When measuring a substance having an 8 h averaging time, a single 8 h sample or several consecutive samples adding up to 8 h is best (see Eig. 1). Short period grab samples are the least satisfactory. Eor a STEL, the method should be able to collect enough material to provide adequate sensitivity. 

Da.ta. Ana.lysls. First, the raw data must be converted to concentrations over an appropriate time span. When sample periods do not correspond to the averaging time of the exposure limit, some assumptions must be made about unsampled periods. It may be necessary to test the impact of various assumptions on the final decision. Next, some test statistics (confidence limit, etc) (Fig. 3) are calculated and compared to a test criteria to make an inference about a hypotheses. 

Relations exist between the temperature, T, and the average time, t, it takes a carbon atom to move a given distance, x. One approximation is... 

Concentration Eluctuations Averaging Time in Vapor Clouds... 

Residence time, mean The average time spent by the molecules in a vessel. Mathematically, it is the first moment of the effluent concentration from a vessel with impulse input, or ... 

Pollutant Averaging time Primary standards Secondary standards... 

Probably the most serious disadvantage of this method of corrosion study is the assumed average-time weight loss. The corrosion rate could be high initially and then decrease with time (it could fall to zero). In other cases the rate of corrosion might increase veiy gradually with time or it could cycle or be some combination of these things. 

CCPS G-35. Concentration Eluctuations and Averaging Time in Vapor Clouds. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York. 

If die average time between collisions is 2t dieii die relaxation time is dehned by... 

To reduce stray currents, voltage drops in the rail network should not exceed a certain limiting value over an average time (see Table 1 in Ref. 1). A distinction should be made here between the average voltage drop in the core of the network and the voltage drop in outlying stretches of the network. 

The averaging time of the rapid-response record [Fig. 4-1 (a)] is an inherent characteristic of the instrument and the data acquisition system. It can become almost an instantaneous record of concentration at the receptor. However, in most cases this is not desirable, because such an instantaneous record cannot be put to any practical air pollution control use. What such a record reveals is something of the turbulent structure of the atmosphere, and thus it has some utility in meteorological research. In communications... 

Measure of averaging time Cyclic factor measured Measurement method with same averaging time Effect with same averaging time... 

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