Observed station

Numerous analyses of data routinely collected in the United States have been performed by the U.S. National Climatic Center, results of these analyses are available at reasonable cost. The joint frequency of Pasquill stability class, wind direction class (primarily to 16 compass points), and wind speed class (in six classes) has been determined for various periods of record for over 200 observation stations in the United States from either hourly or 3-hourly data. A computer program called STAR (STability ARray) estimates the Pasquill class from the elevation of the sun (approximated from the hour and time of year), wind speed, cloud cover, and ceiling height. STAR output for seasons and the entire period of record can be obtained from the Center. Table 21-2 is similar in format to the standard output. This table gives the frequencies for D stability, based on a total of 100 for all stabilities. 

A maximum trichloroethylene level of 9.9 ppb was found in sediment from Liverpool Bay, England (Pearson and McConnell 1975). Sediment levels from nondetectable to 0.2 ppb (wet weight) trichloroethylene were found in Lake Pontchartrain near New Orleans (Ferrario et al. 1985). An analysis of the EPA STORET Data Base (1980-1982) found that trichloroethylene had been positively detected in sediment samples taken at 6% of 338 observation stations, with median levels of <5 pg/kg (dry weight) (<5 ppb) (Staples et al. 1985). The observation stations included both "ambient" and "pipe" sites. Ambient sites include streams, lakes, and ponds and are intended to be indicative of general U.S. waterway conditions. Pipe sites refer to municipal or industrial influents or effluents. 

At about the same time (1962), we succeeded in having a room modified, with installation of padding on walls and floor as well as an adjacent observation station. This was most welcome, since it greatly increased the safety of the volunteers and made continuous observation more practical. 

Results from the EMEP observation stations that annually report the monthly POP concentrations [EMEP/ccc-reports (http //www.nilu.no/projects/ccc/reports)] are shown in Figs. 15b and 16b. These stations are located in central and northern Europe, so temporal information on POP concentrations in southern Europe, such as the Mediterranean, is missing. The present network of monitoring stations shows that in the period between 2002 and 2009, the lowest concentrations were observed at high latitudes in Spitsbergen, in the Arctic sea and that they increased with decreasing latitudes, with highest concentration in central Europe (e.g. Czech Republic). 

Research Laboratories (SRL) measurements (52, 53) and from other observation stations in the area. Station locations are indicated on Figure 15. Inversion data are deduced from airborne temperature measurements (52, 53) where possible and from morning soundings reported (80) by the Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District (LAAPCD). Some wind data from the district s files have also been used. 

Figure 2. Atmospheric transmittance at Climax, Colo, (altitude, 11,190 feet), and determination of total ozone above observing station...

FIGURE 4-21 A surface weather chart for 1200 GMT (700 EST), March 5, 1964, showing information available at each observation station. The chart also shows high- and low-pressure areas, fronts, and isobars constructed by interpolation between stations. (900 or 1000 millibars need to be added as appropriate to values see text. Adapted from FAA, 1965). 

Map of the Baltic Sea showing the locations of the observation stations referred to in... 

Despite the South China Sea being a reservoir of CO2, its area is large and there are many upwellings favorable to the transfer of CO2 from the lower layer to the upper layer (Dai et al., 2001). Based on the organic carbon concentrations, the stable isotope analyses, and the analj es of the distributions of benthic foraminifera in gravity and the piston cores from two observed stations... 

At a pressure of 400 psig, a loud metallic impact was heard by observers stationed 400 ft away. From outside appearances, the dewar remained intact however, a rocking motion, and the blowoff of the nitrogen Bunsen tube was observed on the movie film. The dewar pressurization was continued with only a momentary pause. Some 8 sec after the first event, the dewar burst at 480 psig and was propelled upward some 150-200 ft with a jet-propelled action. 

Let V denote the data that include the measured PGA and the corresponding earthquake magnitude, observation station-to-hypocenter distance and site foundation properties. 

Passive triangulation techniques are very familiar to geodesists and photogrammetrists. The object is observed from two or more observation stations by direction measure- ments. For high precision determination of dimensional properties (such as coordinates, lengths,. ..) the object is normally described by targets, fixed at the object points being of interest. 

K a multistation solution is chosen combined resection/ intersection can be advantageous to determine the coordinates of the observation stations and object points. Normally, however, overdetermined bundle solutions, based on least squares methods, are applied, to determine the orientation and location of the instruments together with the object points. 

Dore et al. (2003, 2009) found that over two decades of observation (Station Aloha, see Table 2.84) the surface ocean grew more acidic at exactly the rate expected from the chemical equilibration with the atmosphere. However, that rate of change varied considerably in terms of seasonal and inter-annual time scales, and even reversed for a period of nearly five years (Fig. 2.96). The concentrating/dilut-ing effect of salinity changes on DIG can be removed from the measured data through the normalization to a constant S (= 35%o where nDIC = 35 DIC/S) . 

The models have been calibrated with field observations and the results are given here. Tide and current data from three temporary observation stations are used to verified and validate the present model. By comparison, the numerical calculation results are in good agreement with the measured data (see Fig. 4 and Fig. 5). 

Fig.l wave diagram of the shock tube experiment with pressure history at the end wall (observation station)... 

The study of the physical characteristics of the atmosphere falls within the purview of atmospheric scientists. Those interested in a career in this technical area should recognize that there are several categories of specialization. The major group of specialists are operational meteorologists, who are responsible for weather forecasts. They have to carefully study the temperature, humidity, wind speed, and barometric pressure from a number of weather stations to make daily and long-range forecasts. They use data from weather satellites, radar, special sensors, and observation stations in other locations to make forecasts. 

Experiments are performed behind reflected shock waves where the hot gas is effectively stagnant and not flowing. Flash or laser photolysis occurs after the reflected shock wave has traversed the spectroscopic observation station. Transient species are observed radially across the shock tube. Reflected shock pressure and temperature are kept low so that thermal decomposition is minimized. The initial transient species concentration is initiated by photolysis, and its decay is then totally determined by bimolecular reaction. Diffusion out of the viewing zone is negligibly slow on the experimental time scale. This experiment is then an adaptation of the static kinetic spectroscopy experiment with the reflected shock serving as a source of high temperature and density i. e., shock heating is equivalent to a pulsed furnace. 

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