Odor specificity

Spec. Sheet Specification Sheet. Detailed information of a product including, tests, color, odor, specific gravity, bacterial strains, other major ingredients, etc. 

An example for stimulus generalization are responses of rats to stress-inducing odors. Laboratoiy rats of the Wistar strain respond to predator odors, specifically mercapto compounds in fox droppings, with stress reactions, for example avoidance behavior such as freezing and increased plasma corticosterone concentrations (Vemet-Mauiy et ah, 1984). The rats were trained to avoid water scented with a mercapto odorant that contained both a keto- and a sulfhydryl group (4-mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanone). As the animals licked a waterspout, a mild electric shock was applied to their tongue. When different compounds were tested thereafter, the rats avoided compounds with similar... 

A colorless, non-fiuorescent, very inflammable liquid of strong but not unpleasant odor. Specific gravity 0.640 to 0.670. Benzin distils between 40 and 75° C., and does not solidify at 0° C. ... 

Clyne P. J., Certel S., de Bruyne M., Zaslavsky L., Johnson W., Carlson J. R. (1999) The odor-specificities of a subset of olfactory receptor neurons are governed by acj6, a POU domain transcription factor. Neuron 22, 339-347. 

Boeckh I. and Boeckh V. (1979) Threshold and odor specificity of pheromone-sensitive neurons in the deutocerebrum of Antheraea pemyi and A. polyphemus (Saturnidae). J. Comp. Physiol. 132, 235-242. 

This chapter will discuss the isolation of Drosophila odorant receptor (DOR) genes, how these genes have expanded our understanding of the development and functional anatomy of the olfactory system, how the odor response profiles of OSNs respond to odorants, and the mechanisms by which odor-specific activity is relayed to the brain. 

Desynchronization of PNs affects the specificity of neurons in the P-lobes of the mushroom bodies (a neural convergence site post-synaptic to the calyces) (MacLeod el al., 1998). Application of picrotoxin to the AL resulted in a decreased ability of P-lobe neurons to correctly identify odors. Single P-lobe neurons showed responses to odors after desynchronization to which they were formerly silent and responses to similar odors lost odor-specific temporal features seen prior to picrotoxin application. These differences were never seen in PNs and the authors concluded that information is sampled across assemblies of responding PNs and that this information converges onto single neurons in the p-lobe. Thus, neurons downstream of the AL appear to read and decode temporal information conveyed by neurons leaving the AL. 

Christensen T. A., Pawlowski V. M., Lei H. and Hildebrand J. G. (2000) Multi-unit recordings reveal context-dependent modulation of synchrony in odor-specific neural ensembles. Nat. Neurosci. 3(9), 927-931. 

Sanz G,Schlegel C, Pernollet J-C, Briand L. Comparison of odorant specificity of two human olfactory receptors from different phylogenetic classes and evidence for antagonism. Chem. Senses 2005 30 69-80. 

Nitroglycide is a very mobile liquid with a faint but pleasant aromatic odor, specific gravity 1.332 at 20°. It docs not freeze at —20°. It boils at 94° at 20 mm., and with some decomposition at 174-175° at atmospheric pressure. It is not hygroscopic but is distinctly soluble in water, 5 grams in KX) cc. at 20°. Ether will extract nitroglycide from the cool aqueous solution if the solu-... 

Nikonov AA, Caprio J (2001) Electrophysiological evidence for a chemotopy of biological relevant odors in the olfactory bulb of the channel catfish. J Neurophysiol 86 1869-1876 Nikonov AA, Caprio J (2004) Odorant specificity of single olfactory bulb neurons to amino acids in the channel catfish. J Neurophysiol 92 123-134 Nikonov AA, Caprio J (2007) Highly specific olfactory receptor neurons for types of amino acids in the channel catfish. J Neurophysiol 98 1909-1918... 

Stocker RF (2001) Drosophila as a focus in olfactory research mapping of olfactory sensilla by fine structure, odor specificity, odorant receptor expression and central connectivity. Microsc Res Techn 55 284-296... 

Properties Colorless gas pungent penetrating odor.Specific gravity 1.8064 (air = 1), fp -28C, bp -20.7C. Bums with a purple-tinged flame. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. 

Mackay-Sim, A., Shaman, P. and Moulton, D.G. (1982) Topographic coding of odor quality odorant-specific patterns of epithelial responsivity in the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. Anat. Embryo ., 170, 93-97. 

Within the AL about 300 non-spiking interneurons modulate the output of the PNs. The resulting activity has been experimentally characterized as patterned on two time scales. There are fast 20 Hz local field potential (LFP) oscillations to which spikes of PNs are locked (Laurent et al. 1996 Wehr and Laurent 1996). The PNs are active in synchronized groups and these groups evolve over time in a slower, odor-specific pattern. The slow switching dynamics has been hypothesized to improve odor discrimination for very similar odors (Laurent et al. 2001 Rabinovich et al. 2001) and some experimental evidence for a decorrelation, and therefore presumably disambiguation, of similar patterns in the olfactory bulb of zebra fish has been observed experimentally (Friedrich and Laurent 2001). 

Mackay-Slm, A. and Moulton, D.G. Odorant specific maps of relative sensitivity inherent in the salamander olfactory epithelium. Neuroscience Absts. 6, 1980 (in press). 

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