Temporal measurements

Table 4.2 Spatial and temporal measure dimensions for a few selected elementary onedimensional rules (from table 6 of the appendix in [wolf86b]).

It is critically important to recognize that the treatments of hyperkalemia discussed thus far are transient, temporizing measures. They are intended to provide time to institute definitive therapy aimed at removing excess potassium from the body. Agents that increase potassium excretion from the body include sodium polystyrene sulfonate, loop diuretics, and hemodialysis or hemofiltration (used only in patients with renal failure). Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate , various manufacturers) can be given orally, via NG tube, or as a rectal retention enema and is dosed at 15 to 60 grams in four divided doses per day. 

Bradshaw, J. Bower, J. Weeks, J. Johnson, D. J. Winefordner, J. D. "Application of the Two Line Fluorescence Technique to the Temporal Measurement of Small Volume Flame Temperature" 10th Material Research Symposium on Characterization of High Temperature Vapors and Gases, NBS, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 18-22 September, 1978. 

Etchepare I, Grillon G, Antonetti A, Loulergue JC, Fontana MD, Kuge GE. Third-order nonlinear susceptibilities and polariton modes in PbTi03 obtained by temporal measurements. Phys Rev B 1990 41(17) 12362. 

Determination of mixture composition. Composition of the mixture may vary spatially and temporally. Measurements at the source (point of emission) may help in identifying (variations in) mixture composition. 

Stamford JA, Kruk ZL, Millar J (1984) A double-cycle high-speed voltammetric technique allowing direct measurement of irreversibly oxidised species characterisation and application to the temporal measurement of ascorbate in the rat central nervous system. J Neurosci Methods 70(2) 107—118. 

A critical review of the post-September 11, 2001 literature has resulted in a specific focus on studies that have revealed eritical neural signaling/activity pathways and the identification of primary targets of PAH toxicity, as well as toxicity modifiers. It is hoped that as a result of this review, the interdisciplinary conduct of simultaneous temporal measurements of relevant markers and integrative analysis of critical signaling processes during development will increase two-fold such that a better understanding of the mechanism of PAH exposure-induced neurotoxicity results. 

Importantly, sampling gives only a limited number of points in the axial profile. The complete curve can not be reconstructed from any temporal measurement, as the concentration fronts inside the columns change from the beginning to the end of the shifting interval. However, increasing the number of experimental samples per interval of course allows a comparison of the simulated temporal profile on a broader base without on-line measurement. 

In lieu of the detailed spatial and temporal information embodied within the concentration field c(r. 0, , z), it is of interest to compute a global temporal measure of the reaction kinetics so as to discern the exphcit effect of the fluctuations. Consequently, in addition to the concentration field c, we also compute the averaged time-dependent consumption rate of A, denoted 7(z) and defined as... 

Wind over waves coupling. J Geophys Res 104 7613-7623 Perlin M, Lin H, Ting CL (1993) On parasitic capillary waves generated by steep gravity waves an experimental investigation with spatial and temporal measurements. J Fluid Mech 255 597-620... 

S. Gray, G. Hanrahan, I.D. McKelvie, A. Tappin, F. Tse, P. Worsfold, Flow analysis techniques for spatial and temporal measurement of nutrients in aquatic systems, Environ. Chem. 3 (2006) 3. 

While spectral discrimination is the most common method of base caUing used, temporal discrimination offers several advantages (1) The Hfetime of the fluoro-phore is independent of concentration, (2) fluorescence Hfetime values may be determined with more accuracy than fluorescence intensity, (3) temporal measurements are not hindered by broad emission profiles, and (4) a single detection channel may be used. Soper has developed a method using heavy atom modified NIR dyes for base calling in DNA sequencing using temporal discrimination [74]. One... 

In general terms, uncertainty refers to the unknown realization of at least one (random) variable. In SCM, objects considered and planned have different dimensions categorized into quantitative, qualitative, and temporal measures. Examples of uncertain events can be found for each category discussed above. Table 4.3 shows a classification of sources of uncertainty and examples w.r.t. quantity, quality, and time. ... 

The dynamic nature of multiphase microflows imposes unique requirements on the time resolution of the flow characterization techniques. Table 1.1 summarizes different experimental techniques for characterizing microscale multiphase flow and also the spatial and temporal measurement resolutions. Intmsive measurement probes are generally not an option for micro- and nanofluidic systems. 

Ion suppression is a serious issue in TRMS. It can cause confounding effects in the recorded mass spectra. The unstable sample matrix can produce changes in the ion-time records which are not due to changes in the original samples. Effort needs to be made to mitigate the influence of ion suppression effects in temporal measurements conducted by MS. In all cases, one has to verify the existence of such effects, and find out how and to what extent they can bias the experimental observations. Yet another challenge is that some TRMS setups have little control over the timing (duration) of reactant incubation, and limited accuracy of the set time points. This limitation can affect the accuracy of the information derived from the kinetic measurements conducted by MS. 

Thus, we implement robust diagnostic methods, which are as un-intmsive as possible, with a view to management of the battery s operation and predictive maintenance of the components during their operation. These methods are based on electrical or empirical models using measurements of the voltage, current and temperature, and monitoring of the electrical parameters which are representative either of the SOC or the SOH. These electrical parameters are obtained from electrochemical measurements taken by impedance spectroscopy (Sequential measurements described in section 2.4.12) or by pulsed current (temporal measurements) such as the internal resistance. Thermal models on the scale of the element or of the pack are also of crucial importance. ... 

Percutaneous nephrostomy can be utilized as a temporizing measure prior to definitive therapy of underlying obstruction. Percutaneous decompression of the obstruction allows time for improvement in renal function, treatment of urinary sepsis, and a more accurate assessment of the renal unit. Children with postoperative ureteral edema, leakage, or obstruction from extrinsic compression of calculi insertion or a percutaneous nephrostomy may be cured. 

---