Temperature as a function

Sample size is 100 ml and distillation conditions are specified according to the type of sample. Temperature and volume of condensate are taken simultaneously and the test results are calculated and reported as boiling temperature as a function of the volume recovered as shown in Table 2.1. 

The result is a distillation curve showing the temperature as a function of the per cent volume distilled (initial point, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 95% distilled volume, and final boiling point). 

Distillation simulated by gas chromatography is a reproducible method for analyzing a petroleum cut it is appiicabie for mixtures whose end point is less than 500°C and the boiling range is greater than 50°C. The results of this test are presented in the form of a curve showing temperature as a function of the weight per cent distilled equivalent to an atmospheric TBP. 

The flash curve of a petroleum cut is defined as the curve that represents the temperature as a function of the volume fraction of vaporised liquid, the residual liquid being in equilibrium with the total vapor, at constant pressure. 

The Bathythermograph. The thermistor sensing probe of a disposable bathythermograph is coated with parylene. This instmment is used to chart the ocean water temperature as a function of depth. Parylene provides the needed insulation resistance and is thin and uniform enough to permit a rapid and accurate response to the temperature of the surrounding salt water (64). 

The principles outlined so far may be used to calculate the tower height as long as it is possible to estimate the temperature as a function of Hquid concentration. The classical basis for such an estimate is the assumption that the heat of solution manifests itself entirely in the Hquid stream. It is possible to relate the temperature increase experienced by the Hquid flowing down through the tower to the concentration increase through a simple enthalpy balance, equation 68, and thus correct the equiHbrium line in ajy—a diagram for the heat of solution as shown in Figure 9. 

Flame Temperature. The adiabatic flame temperature, or theoretical flame temperature, is the maximum temperature attained by the products when the reaction goes to completion and the heat fiberated during the reaction is used to raise the temperature of the products. Flame temperatures, as a function of the equivalence ratio, are usually calculated from thermodynamic data when a fuel is burned adiabaticaHy with air. To calculate the adiabatic flame temperature (AFT) without dissociation, for lean to stoichiometric mixtures, complete combustion is assumed. This implies that the products of combustion contain only carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur dioxide. 

Eig. 4. Typical TLE outlet temperatures as a function of time on stream for various feedstocks A, HVGO high severity B, naphtha high severity C,... 

C. D. Tyree, Emission Eevel in Catalyst Temperature as a Function of Ignition-Induced Misfire, SAE 920298, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1992. 

At constant T Eq. (7) may be integrated numerically to yield the temperature as a function of the number of moles... 

The heat balance of a reacdor is made up of three terms Heat of reaction -I- Heat transfer = Gain of sensible and latent heats by the mixture. This estabhshes the temperature as a function of the composition... 

If the feed flows countercurrent to the air, as is the case when drying granulated sugar, exhaust temperature does not respond to variations in product moisture. For these diyers, product moisture can better be regulated by controlhng its temperature at the point of discharge. Conveyor-type diyers are usually divided into a number of zones, each separately heated with recirculation of air which raises its wet-bulb temperature. Only the last two zones may require indexing of exhaust-air temperature as a function of AT... 

Fig. 19-8 Steel/concrete potentials (two records) and temperature as a function of the time of year. (The protection installation was switched on in June 1986.)...

The basic measurement of adsorption is the amount adsorbed v, which usually is given in units of cm of gas adsorbed per gram of adsorbent. Usually this quantity is measured at constant temperature as a function of pressure p (in mm Hg), and hence is termed an isotherm. Isobars and isosteres also can be measured, but have little practical utility. It has been found that isotherms of many types exist, but the five basic isotherm shapes are shown in Figure 1, where />ois the vapor pressure. 

An algorithm has been developed to predict the thermal conductivity degradation for a high thermal conductivity composite ( 555 W/m-K at room temperature) as a function of radiation dose and temperature [33]. The absence of irradiation data on CFCs of this type required the use of data from intermediate thermal conductivity materials as well as pyrolitic graphite to derive an empirical radiation damage term [14, 17, 19, 25, 26]. 

The temperature profile, namely the increase in board temperature as a function of the time after press closure can be divided into five periods [225] (Fig. 7). 

Temperature change with altitude has great influence on the motion of air pollutants. For example, inversion conditions result in only limited vertical mixing. The amount of turbulence available to diffuse pollutants is also a function of the temperature profile. The decrease of temperature with altitude is known as the lapse rate. The normal or standard lapse rate in the United States is -3.5" F/1,000 ft. An adiabatic lapse rate has a value of -5.4" F/1,000 ft. Temperature as a function of altitude is expressed by the following equation ... 

Rearranging Equation 7-103 gives the jacket temperature as a function of time as ... 

The PMV index can be used to check whether a given thermal environment complies with specified comfort criteria and to establish requirements for different levels of acceptability. By setting PMV = 0, an equation is established that predicts combinations of activity, clothing, and environmental parameters that will provide a thermally neutral sensation. Figure 6.1 shows the optimal operative temperature as a function of activity and clothing for different levels of acceptability. 

If the gas composition is not known, this procedure cannot be used to develop the hydrate formation point. Figure 4-5 gives approximate hydrate formation temperatures as a function of gas gravity and pressure. For example, for the 0.67 specific gravity gas of our example field (Table 2-10), Figure 4-5 predicts a hydrate formation temperature at 4,000 psia at 76T-... 

Kinetic studies at several temperatures followed by application of the Arrhenius equation as described constitutes the usual procedure for the measurement of activation parameters, but other methods have been described. Bunce et al. eliminate the rate constant between the Arrhenius equation and the integrated rate equation, obtaining an equation relating concentration to time and temperature. This is analyzed by nonlinear regression to extract the activation energy. Another approach is to program temperature as a function of time and to analyze the concentration-time data for the activation energy. This nonisothermal method is attractive because it is efficient, but its use is not widespread. ... 

Figure 1.6 The lime-scales of the various processes of element synthesis in. stars. The curve gives the central temperature as a function of lime for a star of about one solar mass. TTie curve is schematic. ...

In general, gas solubilities are measured at constant temperature as a function of pressure. Permanent gases (gases with critical temperatures below room temperature) will not condense to form an additional liquid phase no matter how high the applied pressure. However, condensable gases (those with critical temperatures above room temperature) will condense to form a liquid phase when the vapor pressure is reached. The solubilities of many gases in normal liquids are quite low and can be adequately described at ambient pressure or below by Henry s law. The Henry s law constant is defined as... 

Fig. 2.13 Dew point depression below ambient temperature as a function of the relative humidity of the ambient atmosphere over a range of temperature...

Fig. 3.67 Changes in corrosion rates of amorphous Fe-, Co- and Ni-base alloys measured in I N HCl at room temperature as a function of alloy chromium content "...

Figure 3.6 shows that pj.r. is negative at high temperatures and pressures. Therefore, a gas heats up as it expands under these conditions. At lower temperatures, the gas continues to increase in temperature if the expansion occurs at high pressures. However, at lower pressures, the slope, and hence, Hj.t., becomes positive, and the gas cools upon expansion. Intermediate between these two effects is a pressure and temperature condition where //j.t. = 0. This temperature is known as the Joule-Thomson inversion temperature Tt. Its value depends upon the starting pressure and temperature (and the nature of the gas). The dashed line in Figure 3.6 gives this inversion temperature as a function of the initial pressure. Note that when Joule-Thomson inversion temperatures occur, they occur in pairs at each pressured... 

Figure 8.1 Phase diagram for CCF. Point (a) is the critical point and point (b) is the triple point. Line ab gives the vapor pressure of the liquid, line be gives the vapor pressure of the solid, and line bd gives the melting temperature as a function of pressure.

Temperatures at off-centre locations within the solid body can then be obtained from a further series of charts given by Heisler (Figures 9.17-9.19) which link the desired temperature to the centre-temperature as a function of Biot number, with location within the particle as parameter (that is the distance x from the centre plane in the slab or radius in the cylinder or sphere). Additional charts are given by Heisler for the quantity of heat transferred from the particle in a given time in terms of the initial heat content of the particle. 

Temperature as a function of mid-plane temperature in an infinite plate of thickness 21. 

Figure 9. IQ, Temperature as a function of centre temperature for a sphere of radius / ...

It is also well known that there exist different extinction modes in the presence of radiative heat loss (RHL) from the stretched premixed flame (e.g.. Refs. [8-13]). When RHL is included, the radiative flames can behave differently from the adiabatic ones, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Figure 6.3.1 shows the computed maximum flame temperature as a function of the stretch rate xfor lean counterflow methane/air flames of equivalence ratio (j) = 0.455, with and without RHL. The stretch rate in this case is defined as the negative maximum of the local axial-velocity gradient ahead of the thermal mixing layer. For the lean methane/air flames,... 

The measured extinction stretch rates for n-decane/ O2/N2 mixtures at 400 K preheat temperature as a function of equivalence ratio are shown in Figure 6.3.3. The flame response curves at varying equivalence ratios are also computed using the kinetic mechanisms of Bikas and Peters (67 species and 354 reactions) [17] and Zhao... 

One of the most challenging aspects of modeling turbulent combustion is the accurate prediction of finite-rate chemistry effects. In highly turbulent flames, the local transport rates for the removal of combustion radicals and heat may be comparable to or larger than the production rates of radicals and heat from combustion reactions. As a result, the chemistry cannot keep up with the transport and the flame is quenched. To illustrate these finite-rate chemistry effects, we compare temperature measurements in two piloted, partially premixed CH4/air (1/3 by vol.) jet flames with different turbulence levels. Figure 7.2.4 shows scatter plots of temperature as a function of mixture fraction for a fully burning flame (Flame C) and a flame with significant local extinction (Flame F) at a downstream location of xld = 15 [16]. These scatter plots provide a qualitative indication of the probability of local extinction, which is characterized... 

Fig. 2 shows the temperature as a function of irradiation time of Cu based material under microwave irradiation. CuO reached 792 K, whereas La2Cu04, CuTa20e and Cu-MOR gave only 325, 299 and 312 K, respectively. The performances of the perovskite type oxides were not very significant compared to the expectation from the paper reported by Will et al. [5]. This is probably because we used a single mode microwave oven whereas Will et al. employed multi-mode one. The multi-mode microwave oven is sometimes not very sensitive to sample s physical properties, such as electronic conductivity, crystal sizes. From the results by electric fixmace heating in Fig. 1, at least 400 K is necessary for NH3 removal. So, CuO was employed in the further experiments although other materials still reserve the possibility as active catalysts when we employ a multi-mode microwave oven. 

Figure 5.14 UV/Vis spectral changes of [Au2(dcpm)2](Cl04)2 in degassed acetonitrile at room temperature as a function of [NBu4]I concentration. Reproduced with permission from [6b]. Copyright (2001) Wiley-VCH.

In practice the implicit loop calculation can sometimes be easily avoided. This can be done, for example, by formulating an empirical polynomial expression for the saturated steam temperature as a function of the saturated steam density... 

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