Solubility as function of temperature

Binary data can be represented with a T—x diagram that shows the mutual solubility as function of temperature. Most of the binary systems belong to one of the classes in Fig. 10.1. For ternary systems, experimental data are usually obtained at constant temperature and given in ternary diagrams. There are many types of systems, but more than 95% belong to one of the two classes shown in Fig. 10.1. 

Fig. 10.1 Different types of liquid-liquid systems, (a), (b) Solubility as function of temperature for binary systems (c), (d) ternary systems. (Dashed lines are examples of tie lines, which connect the two phases in equilibrium located at the binodal.)...

Pelegrine, D.H.G. Gasparetto, C.A. Whey protein solubility as function of temperature and pH. LWT—Food Science and Technology, 2005, 38, 77-80. 

Passivirta, J., Sinkkonen, S., Mikkelson, P., Rantio, T., Wania, F. (1999) Estimation of vapor pressures, solubilities and Henry s law constants of selected persistent organic pollutants as functions of temperature. Chemosphere 39, 811-832. 

Laverman and coworkers have reported activation parameters for the aqueous solution reactions of NO with the iron(II) and iron(III) complexes of the water soluble porphyrins TPPS andTMPS (21). These studies involved systematic measurements to determine on and kQ as functions of temperature (298—318 K) and hydrostatic pressure (0.1—250 MPa) to determine values of AH, AS and AV for the on and off reactions of the ferri-heme models and for the on reactions of the ferro-heme models (Table II). Figure 2 illustrates hydrostatic pressure effects on kOTL and kQff for Fem(TPPS). 

Fig. 10.16 Solubility of naphthalene in supercritical ethene as function of temperature at different pressures. 

Correlations for the determination of the dissociation equilibrium constants and solubility values for SO2 and CO2 as functions of temperature as well as the equations for activity coefficients are given in Ref. [70], Thermodynamic non-idealities are taken into account depending on whether species are charged, or not. For uncharged species, a simple relationship from Ref. [102] is applied, whereas for individual ions, the extended Debye-Hiickel model is used according to Ref. [103]. 

Binary liquid-liquid equilibria are usually represented as temperature-vol-ume fraction diagrams. These diagrams give the mutual solubilities in the two coexisting liquid phases, as functions of temperature. Figure 2F-3 illustrates six types of phase behavior that have been observed in binary LLE. A horizontal line intersects the phase boundary curve at two points which give the compositions of the two phases in equilibrium at the corresponding temperature. 

Formic and Acetic Acids. The solubility equilibrium of these weak acids js treated as the two stage process described by Equations 2 3. The dissociation constants of both acids are well known and are given as functions of temperature in Table III. While there are several studies of the thermodynamics of aqueous acetic acid, e.g. (2 , and of formic acid (22), there are relatively few data for dilute aqueous solutions at 25 C (28-3Ik The chemistry of these acids is complicated by dimerisation (31-33) and higher association reactions (24) in both aqueous and gas phases. 

Solubility as function of composition and temperature experimental domain... 

For hydrocarbons, data on solubility at the temperatures attained during in situ thermal remediation are scarce. The aqueous solubilities of TCE and PCE as functions of temperature are presented in Figure 24.5. While the solubilities of the two compounds depicted increase exponentially with temperature, they do so only at temperatures above the conventional boiling point of water. The solubility actually achieves a minimum value around 30-50 °C as observed in experimental studies for both TCE and PCE (Imhoff, Frizzel, and Miller, 1997 Heron, Christensen, and Enfield, 1998 Heron et al, 1998 Knauss et al, 2000). 

Figure 2410. Vapor-phase concentrations of trichloroethylene (solid line) and tetrachloro-ethylene (dashed hne) as functions of temperature. (Note Calculated with the Clapeyron equation assuming ideal gas behavior). The arrows to the ordinate axis indicate the aqueous solubilities of the two compounds at 25 °C.

Fig. 2 shows incorporation as function of temperature obtained from a crude homogenate of Sulfolobus solfataricus harvested in the late logarithmic growth phase (Fig.l, B). ADP-ribosyl transferase activity increased quickly from 15 C, showed a transient plateau from 30 C to 50°C and reaches a maximum value at 80 °C. To obtain information about cellular distribution of the ADP-ribosyl transferase activity, enzymatic activity was determined either on the soluble protein fraction (14) or on the nucleoprotein fraction obtained according to Searcy (15). The results showed a preferential association of the ADP-ribosyl transferase activity to the nucleoprotein fraction with a 45-fold increase of specific activity relative to cmde homogenate. Identification of the reaction product as ADP-ribose was... 

Cheddie and Munroe presented a one-dimensional model (across the MEA), where the effects of gas solubility are taken into account and a simple submodel for the blocking of catalyst surface sites by adsorbed phosphate spedes is incorporated [22]. The conductivity of the electrolyte and the solubihty of hydrogen and oxygen are taken into account as functions of temperature. The numerical solution shows very good agreement with experimental results. The influence of the phosphoric acid doping level is discussed. One major conclusion of the model is that only 1% of the catalyst surface is utilized in fuel-ceU operation. 

Solubility of tin species (Sn and Sn were calculated by Condolf (Condolf, 2008), using FactSage in an alkali-fiee glass melt as function of temperature and pOj. Composition of the glass melt is reported in Table 2. Results for solubility of tin in temperature from Condolf (Condolf, 2008) are shown in Figure 5 for various p02. First, solubility of tin in LCD melt increases with temperature, then above 1300°C, solubility of tin increases further as p02 decreases. At I550°C for example, solubility of tin in LCD melt is about 2.8% (weight percent)... 

Solubility of water in jet fuels as a function of temperature (Jet A is a variant] of Jet Al, used in the USA for domestic flights. Jet A has a freezing point higher than that of Jet Al). ... 

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