Irradiation Data

Contained in the ASCII file Solar Gdynia.asc, the time series 1956-2005 of observed monthly mean solar irradiation data from the station at Gdyn i a/Pol and were provided by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW) Warsaw. 

Solar radiation measurements in Gdynia began in the early 1950s as one of the first stations of radiation network created in Poland in the period 1952-1958. 

The first results of the global radiation measurements, processed in the form of daily sums, 

In the history of solar radiation measurements at the Gdynia station, the breakthrough happened in 1997, when a new automatic radiation data digital system was installed with a 2 min sampling interval, substituting the former analog registration. 

After preliminary quality control and preprocessing in the station, the data are passed to National Center for final verification, processing and storage. 

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An algorithm has been developed to predict the thermal conductivity degradation for a high thermal conductivity composite ( 555 W/m-K at room temperature) as a function of radiation dose and temperature [33]. The absence of irradiation data on CFCs of this type required the use of data from intermediate thermal conductivity materials as well as pyrolitic graphite to derive an empirical radiation damage term [14, 17, 19, 25, 26]. 

The neutron dose to graphite due to irradiation is commonly reported as a time integrated flux of neutrons per unit area (or fluence) referenced to a particular neutron energy. Neutron energies greater that 50 keV, 0.1 MeV, 0.18 MeV, and 1 MeV were adopted in the past and can be readily foimd in the literature. In the U.K., irradiation data are frequently reported in fluences referenced to a standard flux spectrum at a particular point in the DIDO reactor, for which the displacement rate was measured by the nickel activation [ Ni(np) t o] reaction [equivalent DIDO nickel (EDN)]. Early on, neutron irradiation doses to the graphite moderator were reported in terms of the bum-up (energy extracted) from imit mass of the adjacent nuclear fuel, i.e., MW days per adjacent tonne of fuel, or MWd/Ate. 

The downward spectral irradiance data [Ed(X), the ambient UV radiation] were generated with the atmospheric model of Frederick and Lubin (27) and ozone levels measured during the course of this study (J.E. Frederick, pers. commun.). The relative degree of UV enhancement (%ENH) for each chamber was calculated as follows ... 

Figure 4. (a) Volume-based and (B) chlorophyll-based photosynthesis-irradiance data for phytoplankton sampled on December 6, 1987 from the experimental chambers (after flow had been stopped for 24 h). Samples were incubated for 4 h under the four treatment conditions described in the text. (Reproduced with permission from reference 23. Copyright 1990 Springer-Verlag, Berlin.)... 

Some authors consider nonlinearities in the processing of data values, that is, photometric nonlinearities. They term the resulting restoration nonlinear. Here we assume that such effects are either not present or have been corrected. We reserve the term nonlinear to describe the situation in which the solution o(x) cannot be expressed as a linear function of the irradiance data i(x). For situations where it is proper to introduce photometric nonlinearity, we refer the reader to Hunt (1975, 1977) and Andrews and Hunt (1977). 

An amplitude bound has the added virtue of producing solutions having reduced noise sensitivity, fewer artifacts, superior resolution, and possible bandwidth extrapolation. In contrast, methods having an output that is linear in the irradiance data i(x) either produce artifacts or trade off resolution to suppress artifacts. If a bound makes physical sense and can be computationally afforded, use it. Simple clipping of unphysical parts does not always work well, however. Subtle techniques may be more desirable. 

Oxidation rates for processes involving UV irradiation. (Data from Beltan-Heredia, J. et at. 

Even if actual evaporation rates for the sites in this study are difficult to predict because of the dependence on the specific microclimatic conditions, we can infer general trends for the altitudinal transects in New Zealand and California. Both are located in temperate areas and have relatively dry temperature lapse rates (6 °C), and in California, cloudiness increases with altitude. Comparing these conditions to the modeled environments discussed above would suggest that evaporation is likely to decrease with altitude, or at least not increase significantly. The larger leaf size of the oak leaves may increase their evaporation rates relative to the smaller mountain beech leaves, but this remains speculative as no irradiation data available were available for either site. 

Similar studies34 with ethane as a feed led to yields of CH3CHO of 11 i mol/hr, 3 p mol/hr HCHO, and 5 p mol/hr CO2 on irradiation and no products again without irradiation. Data for ZnO itself showed higher selectivities to CH3CHO for unirradiated catalysts than for irradiated catalysts. Photochemical and thermal pathways are clearly different for these materials. A 200 W Hg arc lamp with broad band ultraviolet wavelengths was used for excitation. 

For the characterization of solar resource, measured irradiance data as well as site-specific parameters are needed. These include geographic information (site latitude and longitude) for the calculation of the solar angle that also varies during the day, as well as ambient temperature for the estimation of the photovoltaic module temperature (Manwell, 1998). 

To perform simulation and optimisation of a power system using the HOMER tool, information and data on natural resources (such as wind and solar irradiance data), electric and thermal loads, economic constraints, current and future equipment costs, user behaviour and control strategies are required. The main purpose of the techno-economic analysis presented in this chapter was to investigate the impact of diesel generators and batteries replacement with hydrogen technologies, including fuel cells both in technical and financial terms. 

As soon as a decision has been made on the type of renewable energy technology to be introduced in the overall system, the third step is to find data on the natural resource (wind speed data, solar irradiance data, biomass data, etc.). Meteorological data recorded onsite is the first priority, but if such a solution is not possible, the designer should use time series of meteorological data, which can be drawn from various databases such as NASA (2005) and the National Observatory of Athens (2007). 

Radiation effects of ion beams on polymers such as polystyrene have been studied using very quantitative, homogeneous, and energetically accurate irradiation data obtained by time-resolved and product analysis [30]. Recently main chain scission, ablative decomposition, and positive-negative inversion of PMMA induced by various ion beams have been investigated. The dependence of the beam energy and atomic number of incident ion beams on radiation effects has been considered. 

Fig. 3 The solar irradiance from X = 1 nm to X = 0.1 mm and normalized black-body radiation for T = 5770 K. Solar irradiance data are from SOLAR2000 http //www.spacewx.com/ solar spectrum.html for 8 February 2002...

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze polymer surfaces before and after ion beam irradiation. Data were collected with a Surface Science SSX-100 spectrometer using A1 Ka x-rays in the high resolution mode with x-rays focused to a spot size... 

In this case, could be bound to lattice oxygen and the anionic hydrocarbon fragment could be bound to Ti in the lattice. This mechanism is supported by the data of Ollis and co-workers (9). Our pre-irradiation data can be explained by the fact that light consists of an electron-hole pair that can form on the titania surface during irradiation. Pre-irradiation of the surface of titania leads to a build-up of such defect sites that are not initially destroyed before reaction with dichloromethane since there is no chloride ion around. 

Figure 5. Topumm and maximum achievable efficiencies for oxygen production step of the sulfur family solar TCWSCs as a function of the mean flux concentration ratio, Cr, at X= 520 nm and variation of Toptimm vs. X at constant Cr. Direct normal solar irradiance data from Figure (4), AM 1.5.

Weber et al. (1999) summarized the temperature-dependent in situ ion irradiation data obtained to date [1500 keV Kr (Weber et al. 1994), 540 keV Pb (one data point at -250K Oliver et al. 1994), 1000 keV Ne (Devanathan et al. 1998), 800 keV Kr (Meldrum et al. 1999), 800 keV Xe (Meldrum et al. 1999a)] and presented an additional curve for zircon irradiated with 600 keV Bi. The amorphization dose increased with increasing energy density (i.e. with increasing ion mass). This observation is consistent with a cascade overlap, defect accumulation process. The ion irradiation data are summarized in Table 2. 

This model for the crystalline-to-metamict transformation has been evaluated using literature data for zircon (Fig. 12). Crystalline and metamict specimens of zircon of known age and uranium concentration are plotted and compared to the curve obtained from Equations (25) and (26). The lines are plotted for a temperature of 100°C, and the ages of the metamict specimens were obtained by dating cogenetic crystalline zircon. The curves delineate the crystalline-metamict boundary fairly well, despite the uncertain thermal histories of the various specimens. Equations (26) and (27) can probably be generalized to any mineral for which sufficient ion beam irradiation data exist (Table 3). 

From these data it is seen that introduction of PAC into CA slightly changes indices of polymer viscosity in comparison with initial CA before irradiation. Data of Table 6 show that azomethines XXXIV, XXXV, XXXI, XXXVI, XXXVII content in CA decreases specific viscosity fall. 

Figure 12 shows spectral for Crater Lake calculated at 10 nm intervals from underwater spectral irradiance data collected at nearly the same time as the data in Figure 11, in this case using a LI-COR spectroradiometer (model LI-1800UW, 8 nm bandwidth). Spectral values for (freshwater) estimated by... 

Photolysis Fair Fair (UV-Vis e vsX, solar irradiation data)... 

As discussed earlier, the rate constant of the direct photoreaction can be calculated according to Equation 3.16, using the quantum yield and the sunlight intensity. Values for the average solar irradiance for clear skies at midday 7.k (photon cm-2 s 1 (2.5 nm) ) at 2.5-nm bandwidths over the relevant wavelength range of 297.5 to 320 nm as a function of season are available in the published literature only for 40°N (Leifer, 1988). On the other hand, day-average solar irradiance data are available for all latitudes (Zepp and Cline, 1977). The ratio of the 40°N values was used to estimate the midday irradiances for all other latitudes expressed for 2.5-nm bandwidths as U, in millieinstein cm-2 min 1 (2.5 nm)-1 Ux is therefore equivalent to 4 AA, in Equation 3.16, which now becomes... 

Figure 1 shows the depth profiles of irradiation-induced absorption of tram-vinylene for samples A, B and C, which were measured after 2 months from the irradiation. The peak of the profile was continuously shifted to deeper depths with increasing Si02 thickness. The depth profiles were unchanged as a function of storage time after the irradiation (data not shown). 

The importance of the photoactive group (i.e., triazene group) is also exemplified in etch rates obtained for different irradiation wavelengths (shown in Fig. 73). For 248-nm irradiation only data points for high fluence are available. The data points seem to fit quite well to the 266-nm irradiation data. The different irradiation wavelengths correspond to different features of the UV-Vis spectrum. 

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