Weight as a function of temperature

Fig. 1.97.4. Weight (%) as a function of temperature of freeze-dried X-interferon measured by the thermogravi metric (TG) method and the derivative of weight overtime (DTG)...

Figure 5. Weight as a function of temperature (TGA data) for Ba2YCu307 heated in C>2. (Data from ref. 11). The solid line is on heating at 1 °C/min dashed line is on cooling at 100 °C/min cooling. The transition from orthorhombic to tetragonal symmetry occurs at 686 °C.

FIGURE 11.3. Gain in tube weight as a function of temperature for lubricating oil coking... 

Left degeneration into low-molecular components as a function of time and temperature [20] Right K-value as a measure for solution viscosity and molecular weight as a function of temperature and water content [599]... 

Recorder/data acquisition system The data acquisition system provides continuous record of the sample weight as a function of temperature. 

FIGURE 11.13 Solubility of various calcium salts, expressed in ppm by weight, as a function of temperature [13]. Observe the scale changes at 100 and 200 ppm. (Used with permission of Betz Dearborn, Inc., Trevose, PA.)... 

One distinguishes preparatory distillations that are designed to separate the fractions for subsequent analysis from non-preparatory analytical distillations that are performed to characterize the feed itself. For example, the distillation curve that gives the recovered volume or weight as a function of the distillation temperature characterizes the volatility of the sample. 

The main justification for diesel fuel desulfurization is related to particulate emissions which are subject to very strict rules. Part of the sulfur is transformed first into SO3, then into hydrated sulfuric acid on the filter designed to collect the particulates. Figure 5.21 gives an estimate of the variation of the particulate weights as a function of sulfur content of diesel fuel for heavy vehicles. The effect is greater when the test cycle contains more high temperature operating phases which favor the transformation of SO2 to SO3. This is particularly noticeable in the standard cycle used in Europe (ECE R49). 

A diblock copolymer, 71% polyisoprene (1) by weight and 29% polybutadiene (B), was blended in different proportions into a 71%-29% mixture of the individual homopolymers. The loss tangent was measured as a function of temperature for various proportions of copolymer. Two peaks are observed ... 

Fig. 9. Melt flow index as a function of temperature for varying molecular weights of poly(ethylene oxide). WSR = Polyox water-soluble resins.

Melt Viscosity. The study of the viscosity of polymer melts (43—55) is important for the manufacturer who must supply suitable materials and for the fabrication engineer who must select polymers and fabrication methods. Thus melt viscosity as a function of temperature, pressure, rate of flow, and polymer molecular weight and stmcture is of considerable practical importance. Polymer melts exhibit elastic as well as viscous properties. This is evident in the swell of the polymer melt upon emergence from an extmsion die, a behavior that results from the recovery of stored elastic energy plus normal stress effects. 

Density is defined as the mass of a substance contained in a unit volume. In the SI system of units, the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water at I5°C is known as its relative density, while the older term specific gravity is the ratio relative to water at 60°F. Various units of density, such as kg/m, Ib-mass/fF, and g/cm, are commonly used. In addition, molar densities, or the density divided by the molecular weight, is often specified. This section briefly discusses methods of correlation of density as a function of temperature and presents the most common accurate methods for prediction of vapor, liquid, and solid density. 

Typical specific weights of bromine storing complex phases between 10 and 70°C at bromine concentrations in the range of 1-4 mol/mol complexing agent lie around 2.45 0.1 gem 3. Densities as a function of temperature at various bromine contents of a number of quaternary ammonium salts were given by Gerold [56]. 

The change of molecular weight of the polymer as a function of temperature and extent of degradation. 

Development of a relationship which gives the decrease in the termination rate constant as a function of temperature and polymer molecular weight and concentration. 

FIGURE 24.6 Specific volume as a function of temperature at the indicated pressures for 1,2-PB network (molecular weight between cross-hnks 8 kg/mol) [81]. The solid squares denote the glass transition defined from the intersection of the glassy and liquid data. 

Figure 1. CH reactions with different oxidizing compounds over CoZSM-5 catalyst conversion of NO into (A) and of CH into COj (B) as a function of temperature. Catalyst weight was 100 mg, feed contained 0.28% CH4, 0.21% NO or NOj (when used), and 2.6% Oj (when used) in He at a flow rate of 75 ml/min (GHSV = 22,500 h- ).

FIG. 1 Partial phase diagram of brine, decane, and AOT system as a function of temperature (T) and decane-to-brine weight fraction (a). The brine is aqueous 0.6% (w/w) NaCl the AOT composition is constant at 12% (w/w). The double-ended arrow depicts the isothermal composition range examined in this study at 45°C. The lamellar (L ), and two-phase regions (2,2) are described in the text. (Adapted from Fig. 5 of Ref. 20.)... 

Figure 1 The solubility of the principal atmospheric gases in seawater, as a function of temperature. Units are millilitres of gas contained in a litre of seawater of salinity 35 psu, assuming an overlying atmosphere purely of each gas. Note that salinity is defined in terms of a conductivity ratio of seawater to a standard KC1 solution and so is dimensionless. The term practical salinity unit , or psu, is often used to define salinity values, however. It is numerically practically identical to the old style unit of parts per thousand by weight...

In the broadest sense, thermal analysis (TA) measures physical changes in a material as a function of temperature. TA instruments measure variables in a sample such as heat flow, weight, dimensions, etc. A typical fingerprint of a compound might be the endothermic peak on a thermogram indicating a sample s crystalline melt. 

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