Technical Operation Requirements

The level of automation depends on the requirements for the technical operation of the attendance system, the need for communication with other processes and data systems, and the requirements for electrical and pneumatic components and cabling methods. 

If there are special requirements for communication at all technical data levels, the local controller must still be chosen from the same factory as the other technical operating programs in the central computer or PC. If not, there will be a considerable reduaion in the amount of data sent to and from the contn ller. 

In contrast to the quantity of solvent 1 used during the reaction, the quantity of extraction solvent 2 (work up) increases during scale up (Laboratory 100% Operation 103%), especially when it is related to substrate 2 (Laboratory 100% Operation 169%). Compared to the yield obtained from the literature protocol in which an extraction procedure is missing, an efficient extraction seems to be important in order to achieve sufficient product accumulation. However, as the mass index and the environmental factor demonstrate with respect to the possibility for reducing the volume of water used (see above), solvent 2 demand should be able to be reduced as well, since less water use means less solvent is required for extraction. StiU, at least the recycle rate of solvent 2 is as high as 72.8% (from 169% to 46%, Table 5.1), regarding the current data of the technical operation scale. 

Our main motivation to develop the specific transient technique of wavefront analysis, presented in detail in (21, 22, 5), was to make feasible the direct separation and direct measurements of individual relaxation steps. As we will show this objective is feasible, because the elements of this technique correspond to integral (therefore amplified) effects of the initial rate, the initial acceleration and the differential accumulative effect. Unfortunately the implication of the space coordinate makes the general mathematical analysis of the transient responses cumbersome, particularly if one has to take into account the axial dispersion effects. But we will show that the mathematical analysis of the fastest wavefront which only will be considered here, is straight forward, because it is limited to ordinary differential equations dispersion effects are important only for large residence times of wavefronts in the system, i.e. for slow waves. We naturally recognize that this technique requires an additional experimental and theoretical effort, but we believe that it is an effective technique for the study of catalysis under technical operating conditions, where the micro- as well as the macrorelaxations above mentioned are equally important. 

NATO Army Armaments Group (NAAG), Land Group 7 (Joint NBC Defence) Operational Requirements,Technical Specification and Evaluation Criteria for NBC Protective Clothing (AEP-38). Brussels NATO, 1998. 

Carbon tetrachloride represents an example of the change to petroleum raw materials in this field. The traditional source of this widely used product has been the chlorination of carbon disulfide, either directly or through the use of sulfur dichloride. Military requirements in World War II caused an increase in demand, and in addition to expansion of the older operations, a new process (28) was introduced in 1943 it involved direct chlorination of methane at 400° to 500° C. and essentially atmospheric pressure. This apparently straight-forward substitution of halogen for hydrogen in the simplest paraffin hydrocarbon was still a difficult technical accomplishment, requiring special reactor construction to avoid explosive conditions. There is also the fact that disposal of by-product hydrochloric acid is necessary here, though this does not enter the carbon disulfide picture. That these problems have been settled successfully is indicated by the report (82) that the chlorination of methane is the predominant process in use in the United States today, and it is estimated that more than 100,000,000 pounds of carbon tetrachloride were so produced last year. 

Many technical applications require high radiant power, which cannot be furnished by an operationally reasonable number of lamps having otherwise optimal emission characteristics. Examples of this situation are mostly found in applications oTthe 254-nm fine, where a number of low-pressure mercury lamps may be replaced by one medium-pressure mercury arc. This substitution represents a compromise where spectral selectivity and energy wasting (VIS and IR radiation) is traded against a compact production unit which is less expensive (number of reactors, quartz, safety requirements) and easier to operate (number of reactors, space, and overview). 

Since global specialty chemicals companies already operate sites in most relevant countries, average personnel costs per full-time employee can be established relatively easily. However, location-specific adjustments of the number of operators required to run a production line/plant are required. Firstly, different degrees of automation are usually deployed in developed and developing countries. This aspect is to some extent included in the plant type definition via personnel requirements that depend on the degree of automation. However, even for technically identical plants the number of operators required per shift usually differs between developed and less developed countries due to different levels of personnel productivity. Secondly, annual working hours and consequently the relationship between... 

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a powerful technique that uses an inductively coupled plasma as an ion source and a mass spectrometer as an ion analyzer. It can measure the presence of more than 75 elements in a single scan, and can achieve detection limits down to parts per trillion (ppt) levels for many elements—levels that are two or three orders of magnitude lower than those obtained by ICP-AES (Keeler 1991). It is more expensive than ICP-AES and requires more highly skilled technical operation. Aluminum levels in urine and saliva were detected down to 0.02 g/mL and in blood serum to 0.001 g/mL using ICP-MS (Ward 1989). Speciation studies have employed ICP-MS as a detector for aluminum in tissue fractions separated by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with detection limits of 0.04 g/g in femur, kidney and brain (Owen et al. 1994). 

Although the board delegates day-to-day financial matters to the CEO, it is impossible for one person to supervise all aspects of the hospital s operations. The number of internal and external demands that require the CEO s personal attention and the highly technical nature of operations require the CEO to delegate many tasks to the hospital s senior managers and department directors. Indeed, financial management is a principal function of all administrators and managers. 

MESI operation requires processing of the whole sample to be extracted and has to reach steady-state permeation, which usually takes a long time. Thus, a new technical modification of MESI, called pulse introduction (flow injection-type) membrane extraction (PIME), has been developed, in which the sample is introduced to the membrane as a pulse pushed by a stream of eluent (usually water).55 This means that attaining a steady state is no longer crucial. PIME therefore provides not only a faster response and higher sensitivity, but also allows extraction of individual samples via discrete injections in addition to continuous on-line monitoring by sequential injection of a series of samples. Guo et al.56 described a mathematical model for the PIME permeation process, which showed that (a) there was a trade-off between the sensitivity and the time lag (the time taken to complete the permeation process) and (b) a large sample volume and a low flow rate enhance the sensitivity but also increase the time lag. 

C-I/DEC.71, List of Approved Equipment with Operational Requirements with Technical Specifications, 1st Conference of State Parties, The Hague, 1997. 

The presence of the only one and removable hard disk was requested by decision of Conference of the State Parties on its first session (3). In Attachment 6 of the decision 71 concerning specific operational requirements for GC/MS system, it says that all data in nonvolatile memory must be retainable at the inspected site under joint custody of the Technical Secretariat (TS) and the inspected State Party. The hard disk with all raw data may be considered as containing highly protected information and requested to be left on site of inspection. 

Priority action was required in petrochemicals, in the large thermoplastics, in fertilizers, and in synthetic fibers where the most serious investment mistakes had been made. The hardest cases were those of petrochemicals and thermoplastics. For one thing, a steam cracker cannot technically operate under 60 percent of its capacity. For another, the products that emerge are linked to one another in almost invariable proportions. Finally, a polymerization unit cannot have its pace slowed down without this affecting the upstream monomer unit to the same extent. 

Patentable inventions must be useful, "reduced to practice" (35 USC, 102) and, by legal definition in most countries, also amenable to an industrial application. The German concept of a patentable invention describes it as "Lehre zum technischen Handeln" (teaching of a technical operation). The Polish law even requires a strictly technical character of the invention and currently excludes from patentability any biological product as well as pharmaceuticals and chemicals, even if these derive from a technical process. The technical process which is used to make such products, however, is patentable in almost all countries, irrespective of whether these refuse to grant patents on certain or all products of nature. 

While there are significant differences between what is required to drill a well on land and in a marine or offshore environment, the basic mission is very similar. The differences in location conditions, design criteria, logistical considerations and related cost are enormous, hi deepwater, the process can approach the most sophisticated technical operations known to man and an individual well can cost in excess of sixty million dollars, often to be paid early in the project life well before surety of the results of the effort is known. 

Since 1979 we have developed two similar, but not identical, systems to accomplish the objectives just discussed. Tests on the North Atlantic in winter have proven the reliability of the sampler and data recording units, which have continuously operated for up to 5 weeks without need for a technical operator. Only the ship s speed and heading entries require manual updating. 

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