Taxonomy, defined

The process severity characterizes the process medium, the material being handled by the equipment. There are four categories in the taxonomy, defined as follows ... 

The above discussion leads to the conclusion that time-related and demand-related failures for a piece of equipment cannot be equated through a general mathematical relationship. These issues are better dealt with in a data base taxonomy (classification scheme) for equipment reliability data by defining a unique application through equipment description, service description, and failure description. 

The final element of the equipment description is the equipment boundary figure. A boundary figure is included with each data cell to define the components and limits of the equipment associated with that cell. For example, the data cell boundary figure (Data cell 3.3.7.2.1.1) in Figure 3.2 shows that the centrifugal pump, seal system, motor, motor control unit, lube oil system, coupling, and transmission are all components of the equipment in the data cell. The equipment boundary is inherently reflected in the taxonomy number. 

The service description is the second part of the taxonomy structure. It includes two levels—the operating mode and the process severity. The operating mode describes how the equipment is operated. The three modes used, running, standby, and alternating, are defined as follows ... 

Many of the data cells defined by the CCPS Taxonomy are not presented in Chapter 5 because no appropriate data were available. It is hoped that this book will promote the development of new data by the CPI to fill these empty cells. As new data are collected, modifications to the CCPS Taxonomy may be required to better reflect reliability influences. The new data should provide better answers to the following questions ... 

Taxonomy number The precise address of the data cell as defined by the classification scheme of the CCPS Taxonomy each successive number indicates a successively lower level in the taxonomy. 

Equipment description Defines the equipment type that the data applies to data resource equipment descriptions were used to match data to the descriptions at the taxonomy levels. 

Data cell A unique compartment of the taxonomy in which data are stored, defined by specific equipment, service and failure descriptions. 

As more is known regarding plant taxonomy, plant names change. Because the rules used to define how plants are named imply certain relationships [29]... 

The value of spruce-oil chemistry in sorting out problems of hybridization and introgression—major factors in Picea taxonomy—was succinctly summarized by von Rudloff who defined three situations (1) Terpene variation is limited such that it is not possible to use these characters in studies of introgression this is the case in eastern North America where the ranges of black spruce and red spruce overlap. (2) Sufficient variation in terpene profiles exists for the compounds to be useful markers in systematic studies as seen in white spruce. Brewer s spruce, and Sitka spruce. (3) Tree-to-tree variation in terpene content is so variable that use in che-mosystematic studies is precluded, or at least requires very large sample sizes for statistical reliability, as seen with Engelmann s spruce. 

Classifications of data have two purposes (Hartigan, 1983 Gordon, 1981) data simplification (also called a descriptive function) and prediction. Simplification is necessary because there is a limit to both the volume and complexity of data that the human mind can comprehend and deal with conceptually. Classification allows us to attach a label (or name) to each group of data, to summarize the data (that is, assign individual elements of data to groups and to characterize the population of the group), and to define the relationships between groups (that is, develop a taxonomy). 

Prediction, meanwhile, is the use of summaries of data and knowledge of the relationships between groups to develop hypotheses as to what will happen when further data are collected (as when more animals or people are exposed to an agent under defined conditions) and as to the mechanisms which cause such relationships to develop. Indeed, classification is the prime device for the discovery of mechanisms in all of science. A classic example of this was Darwin s realization that there were reasons (the mechanisms of evolution) behind the differences and similarities in species which had caused Linaeus to earlier develop his initial modem classification scheme (or taxonomy) for animals. 

Other factors also provided a degree of added stability to unit processes. In particular, the analytical "taxonomy" offered by Shreve in 1937 not only played an important role in the classroom, it also provided a useful guide for designing a chemical reactor whenever a series of approximations had to replace the equations ruling a well-defined model - and that was most of the time (49). 

In addition to fragment and graph indexing of polymer information, the POLID-CAS YR system also makes use of two distinct vocabularies for non-structural terms. The first vocabulary is, in essence, a controlled vocabulary of hierarchically ordered terms (taxonomy), supplemented by a second, more fluid vocabulary, which is subject to constant editing. The latter is used to further enhance the controlled vocabulary, e.g., the term isomerization , which is part of the controlled vocabulary, could be defined further by the terms racemization , tautomerization or rotation isomerization . Annotation of this kind is only a short step away from techniques, which we now associate with the terms tagging and folksonomies and which are typical components of Web 2.0 systems. POLIDCASYR s controlled vocabulary is structured according to a number of semantic categories such... 

In addition to their varied biological roles, non-heme iron proteins contain a magnificent assortment of iron sites having a multitude of chemical and structural properties. Indeed, the catalog of iron centers is a bit like the taxonomy of insects—a seemingly limitless variation of a few structural themes, yet each new form sufficiently different to define a new species. It is beyond the scope of any review of non-heme iron proteins to be inclusive, and there are excellent recent reviews which detail selected topics. Rather, it is our intention to provide in one chapter an overview of the major classes with an emphasis on proteins for which a crystal structure is available. This review begins with a survey of the types of protein iron structures and a discussion of some methods and problems associated with establishing the iron center type. This should provide an introduction to readers less familiar with the area. Sections II to IV include the current status and recent developments for a limited number of proteins from the major iron classes. These have been chosen in the subjective vein of a limited review the omission of a topic does not indicate its relative importance or interest, only the limitation of space. The purpose of this section is to emphasize the diversity of iron center structures and functions. 

As mentioned above, the topology, architecture or taxonomy of an ANN (they are synonymous) defines its physical structure i.e. how many neurons... 

The classification of plants is primarily based on the similarities and differences that are displayed by their morphological and anatomical characteristics. In some instances this does not suffice since the morphological differences may not be genetically defined but have been caused by local bio-climatic factors. Nevertheless is apparent that secondary metabolites can contribute to the taxonomy of plants and their systematic evolution. There are many examples of cases where the morphological features are not clear and secondary metabolites serve to clarify the morphological classification (e.g. classification of the tribes of the family Asteraceae). It has also been proved to be significant to use all the secondary metabolites for the above purpose and not only one of their chemical groups [4]. 

A major goal of paleobotanists is to quantitatively estimate the climatic environment of a paleoflora. To achieve this goal, paleobotanists first distinguish the various taxa represented by the fossil collection/assemblage that defines the paleoflora. The research presented here does not address problems associated with this task and assumes the taxonomy is done properly. Secondly, paleobotanists identify features of the paleoflora that are related to the local climate. 

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