Spruce, black

The value of spruce-oil chemistry in sorting out problems of hybridization and introgression—major factors in Picea taxonomy—was succinctly summarized by von Rudloff who defined three situations (1) Terpene variation is limited such that it is not possible to use these characters in studies of introgression this is the case in eastern North America where the ranges of black spruce and red spruce overlap. (2) Sufficient variation in terpene profiles exists for the compounds to be useful markers in systematic studies as seen in white spruce. Brewer s spruce, and Sitka spruce. (3) Tree-to-tree variation in terpene content is so variable that use in che-mosystematic studies is precluded, or at least requires very large sample sizes for statistical reliability, as seen with Engelmann s spruce. 

Bujanovic, B., Cameron, J.H., and Yilgor, N., Comparative studies of kraft and kraft-borate pulping of black spruce,. Pulp Paper Sci., 29(6), 190,2003. 

Deoxy-3-0-methyl-L-mannose (3-O-methyl-L-rhamnose) HO HO H H HsC—C—C C—C—CHO H H MeO HO black-spruce hemicellulose Strophanthus sp. 

Giroux, J.F., Bergeron, Y., Veillette, J.J. 2001. Dynamics and morphology of giant circular patterns of low tree density in black spruce stands in northern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Botany, 79, 420-428. 

Figure 3.4 Distribution of lignin in earlywood tracheids of black spruce.

Summerbell RC, Root endophyte and mycorrhizosphere fungi of black spruce, Picea mariana, in a boreal forest habitat influence of site factors on fungal distributions, StudMycol 53 121—145, 2005. 

Spruce and hemlock oils are produced in Canada and the Northeast of the United States by steam distillation of needles and twigs from Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. (black spruce), Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (white spruce), Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (Hemlock spruce), and related species. They are very pale to light yellow liquids with a pleasant odor reminiscent of pine needles. 

Figure 6.10. Accumulation of C in non-steady-state soils of a mature black spruce/moss forest in central Manitoba, Canada. Data shown are (A) for sphagnum moss that has accumulated since the site last burned (-100 yr before sampling), and (B) for the humus and charred layer below the regrowing moss and including the A horizon. The soil is developed on the sediments of a lake that dried up -7000 years ago. The parameters 7 = plant input (kgCuf2yr ) and k = decomposition constant (yr-1). Reprinted from Trumbore and Harden (1997), with permission from the American Geophysical Union.

Dion M, Loranger S, Kennedy G, et al. 1993. Evaluation of black spruce (picea mariana) as a bioindicator of aluminum contamination. Water Air Soil Pollut 71 29-41. 

Figure 1. Treatment of black spruce chips with sodium sulphite decreases the light absorption at 350 nm of the CTMP produced due to lower coniferaldehyde end-group content. The numbers in brackets denote the per cent sodium sulphite charge on wood (Adapted from ref. 10).

Wood. Wood samples were from black spruce (Picea Mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. samples 1 to 3 and 29 to 31). A small piece of wood was microtomed to obtain approximately 8- by 4-mm, 30-//m-thick transverse sections that were first extracted in toulene/ethanol and then solvent exchanged to methanol. The sections were stored in methanol in the dark. 

Table IV. Relative Band Intensities for 1620 and 1654 cm-1 Raman features in black spruce and sulfonated chemithermomechanical pulpsa...

European birch,76 maple,77 Scots pine,78 maritime pine,79 slash pine,80 southern pine,81 black spruce,78 Sitka spruce,82 and white spruce83 contain the same main structural features. 

Another report came from Canada in 1959 when Bender published research results of utilizing eastern Canadian barks as furnish for wet-process insulation board and hardboard (33). Bark species included in the study were black spruce and balsam fir each contained 25-35% wood. A Sprout-Waldron disk refiner was used to prepare the bark fiber, and boards were made with lh% wax emulsion but contained no added binder. Physical tests indicated the boards met some commercial specifications the author believed that addition of more woody fiber would improve the properties. In addition, a few experimental dry-process particleboards were made with addition of some unnamed binder that was a byproduct material. 

The Hemicelluloses of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Black Spruce (Picea nigra) Woods, A. R. N. Gorrod and J. K. N. Jones,/. Chem. Soc., (1954) 2522-2525. 

A recent study of black spruce using FT-Raman with Nd YAG laser excitation (1,064 nm) proved successful (11). The goal in these studies was to be able to assign Raman features to the constituents of black spruce, cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. Black spruce is a soft wood. Any results obtainable could be applicable to all soft woods, and since soft woods are similar to hardwoods, the Raman bands observed could be assigned to cellulose and lignin. Hemicellulose contributions were not assignable because they were hidden under the cellulose bands. 

TABLE 4-4. Distribution of Lignin in Spruce (Black Spruce, Picea mariana) Tracheid"... 

Fig. 1.3. Ultraviolet micrograph of transverse section of black spruce tracheid with the microdensitometer trace taken across dotted line...

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