Semantic Categories

In addition to fragment and graph indexing of polymer information, the POLID-CAS YR system also makes use of two distinct vocabularies for non-structural terms. The first vocabulary is, in essence, a controlled vocabulary of hierarchically ordered terms (taxonomy), supplemented by a second, more fluid vocabulary, which is subject to constant editing. The latter is used to further enhance the controlled vocabulary, e.g., the term isomerization , which is part of the controlled vocabulary, could be defined further by the terms racemization , tautomerization or rotation isomerization . Annotation of this kind is only a short step away from techniques, which we now associate with the terms tagging and folksonomies and which are typical components of Web 2.0 systems. POLIDCASYR s controlled vocabulary is structured according to a number of semantic categories such... 

Fig. 5 Subdivision of semantic categories in the POLIDCASYR controlled vocabulary...

Mapping of lexical terms and complex semantic categories to expressions in text (this is a term categorizer based on machine learning)... 

The first step in this direction is for indexing to agree on a small set of semantic categories, in accordance with the rules of analytico-synthetic classification. In our documentation work in the field of pure and applied chemistry the set of semantic categories shown in Figure 4 has proven successful. 

In many respects these semantic categories form the conceptual backbone of an information system, but in particular they can serve to define the relations between concepts on more than the merely superficial criteria of their casual arrangement in an original text. Then one can specify the syntactic device that is to be used to represent a particular kind of relation in the search file. For example, it can be agreed that segmentation or linkage is always to be used to represent the especially important relation between a substance and its properties. 

In general, standardization ol questionnaires and their items helps to simplify quantitative comparisons between individuals and conditions but simultaneously curtails each individual statement and may force it into inappropriate categories. Moreover, allocating the same weight to all the items m a questionnaire, such as all pairs of opposite toms m a semantic differential, may iron out the effects of substances and obscure mterestmg individual effects. A freely formulated description of drug action, be it m oral or written form, should therefore be included m studies of this land... 

Incongruities such as the dream character who has the physical attributes of one person that we know and the face of another illustrate an indiscriminate but perhaps functionally significant over-inclusiveness in the categories of unconscious memory systems. We can get at this process by using semantic memory tests of subjects awakened from REM and tested both immediately and later when the sleep inertia is over. Compared to waking and to NREM sleep, we find the expected REM enhancement of weak primes (i.e., loose associations) but, to our surprise, not of strong primes (strong associations). 

For hydrogen as well as for oxygen evolution, where current densities are very high, modified electrodes are uncommon. Actually, adatom activated surfaces may fall into this category although they are not customarily included there, and in any case the use of the term becomes only a semantic question. To the knowledge of the present author, only very few investigations have been carried out with classically... 

Talmy, L. (1985). Lexicalization patterns semantic structure in lexical forms. In T. Shopen (ed.), Language, typology, and syntactic description, vol. 3 Grammatical categories and the lexicon (pp. 57-149). 

Publishers often provide human-readable guidelines for authors (also known as style guides) for document preparation, which sometimes can extend to entire books. Humans are also quite prone to noncompliance or imperfect compliance because they are often busy or perhaps simply readily bored. Guidelines for data preparation, if they exist, are often to be found in optional categories, such as supporting information. If an author deposits data in such a form, how does the publisher know that it is correct A key aspect of XML is that documents (and of course datuments) can be validated. For publishing purposes, validation implies a contract between the author and the publisher, which is machine-enforceable. A schema formalizes the syntax, vocabulary, document structure, and some of the semantics. It comprises a set of machine-based rules to which a datument must conform. If it does not, it is the author s responsibility to edit it until it does. If it conforms, it is assumed that the author has complied with the publisher s requirements. 

Two specific types of mental representations hypothesized to be used by the semantic memory system to organize information are schemas and categories. Schemas are ordered frameworks or outlines of world knowledge that help us organize and interpret new information. They are like maps or blueprints into which new related information will be fitted. Knowledge of your home town or city, with its streets, various buildings, and neighborhoods is an example of a schema. 

One category of aroma chemical is supplied by the petrochemical and coal industry. Termed synthetic ingredients, we deal in semantics. Since petrochemicals and coal are derived from long dead plant matter, they could equally be termed natural. Because man tweaks a spanner here and releases a pressure valve there, they are termed synthetic. If the difference is one of life force within the natural plant material, which is absent from the petrochemical route materials, then there is a case for the difference. But it is a moot point in the fragrance industry when either route achieves the desired aroma. The tie to the oil and coal industry though affects price stability and is a key concern to the industry when OPEC flexes its price-rise muscles. 

Block, R. 1. and Wittenbom, J. R. (1984) Marijuana effects on semantic memory Verihcation of common and uncommon category members. Psychol. Rep. 55,... 

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