Genetics, defined

Africa to Asia and Europe. For example, African populations were significantly different from Caucasians and Asians for the COMT, MDR1, and CYP3A4, polymorphisms [61, 84—88]. Most models of population genetics define clear differences between African and Caucasian subjects [17]. In contrast, there was no significant difference in TSER allele frequency between the Africans and Caucasians. 

The adherence mechanisms involved in Salmonella infection have been studied in great deal. Disease associated with S. enterica serovars is initiated by attachment to and invasion of hosf cells, followed by subse-quenf inflammation of the lamina propria and lymph nodes (Darwin and Miller, 1999). Several genetically defined fimbrial or piliar adhesins con-tribufe fo fhe initial attachment and the overall infection process of Salmonella. Some of fhese include t)q)e 1 fimbriae (Fim), plasmid-encoded (PE) fimbriae, long polar (LP) fimbriae, and thin aggregative fimbriae (curli). However, many ofher putative fimbrial operons have been identified within various S. enterica serovar genomes, but the expression of fhese proteins is currently undefined. 

Risner ME, Saunders AM, Altman IF et al. Effieaey of rosiglitazone in a genetically defined population with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer s disease. Pharmacogenomics J 2006 6 246-254. 

The classification of plants is primarily based on the similarities and differences that are displayed by their morphological and anatomical characteristics. In some instances this does not suffice since the morphological differences may not be genetically defined but have been caused by local bio-climatic factors. Nevertheless is apparent that secondary metabolites can contribute to the taxonomy of plants and their systematic evolution. There are many examples of cases where the morphological features are not clear and secondary metabolites serve to clarify the morphological classification (e.g. classification of the tribes of the family Asteraceae). It has also been proved to be significant to use all the secondary metabolites for the above purpose and not only one of their chemical groups [4]. 

Improving Toxicity Screening and Drug Development by Using Genetically Defined Strains... 

Although DNA mutations in nuclear DNA may cause mitochondrial dysfunction, the majority of genetically defined mitochondrial diseases are caused by mutations in mtDNA (M15, PI, S4). Point mutations and deletions of mtDNA have been reported to be associated with or responsible for mitochondrial myopathies and/or encephalomyopathies (M15, PI, S4). Patients with such diseases usually manifest major clinical symptoms early in life and at a later stage may develop additional multisystem disorders such as encephalopathy and/or peripheral neuropathy. Most of the mitochondrial myopathies occur sporadically and are often caused by large-scale mtDNA deletions (PI). However, there are several reports on maternally inherited mitochondrial myopathy and familial mitochondrial myopathy. These patients usually harbor a specific mtDNA mutation and often exhibit defects in NADH-CoQ reductase and/or cytochrome c oxidase. 

This structure diversity, genetically defined, accounts for the extraordinary specificity of antibodies for antigens, because each amino acid difference may produce a difference in antigen binding [59], since such extensive sequence diversity is confined to hypervariable regions. 

Papaioannou, V. and Johnson, R. (1993) Production of chimeras and genetically defined offspring from targeted ES cells, in Gene Targeting A Practical Approach (Joyner, A. L., ed.), Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp. 107-144. 

Altman, P.L., Katz, D.D. (1979). Inbred and genetically defined strains of laboratory animals Part 1, Mouse and rat. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., Bethesda MD. 

West JD. A genetically defined animal model of anembryonic pregnancy. Hum Rep rod 1993 8 1316-23. 

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