Safety intrinsic

To comply with the requirement of intrinsic safety, all electrical circuits installed at such locations should be safe and must produce no spark or heat under normal or lault conditions, sufficient to cau.se ignition of the surroLindittg medittm. The paratneters of the circuit such as V. /, R. L. and C, which can release heal energies by... 

Intrinsic Safety. Static electrical concepts such as minimum ignition energy do not directly apply when assessing the safety of electrical circuits such as radios, flashlights and instmmentation. Intrinsically safe electrical equipment is usually available which has been subjected to fault analysis and testing. The equipment must be certified for the flammable atmosphere in which it will be used (NFPA 497). Refer to texts on Intrinsic Safety such as [63]. 

AMD 1 Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres- Intrinsic safety i (AMD 10040J dated June 1998. Read with BS EN 50014 1993... 

Raghaven, K. V. (1992). Temperature Runaway in Fixed Bed Reactors Online and Offline Checks for Intrinsic Safety. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 5, 3,153-59. 

Circuit capacitance and inductance, including the values of these parameters for interconnecting wiring, are integral parts of the overall analysis. It is not always possible to assure that the system will be maintained as designed with only approved intrinsically safe components and with circuits of the capacitance and inductance as originally installed. For this reason, intrinsically safe systems are used primarily at locations where there are sufficiently trained personnel to assure that the intrinsic safety of the system is always maintained. 

RP12.1 Recommended Practice for Electrical Instruments in Hazardous (Classified) Atmospheres Intrinsic Safety... 

Widespread concern with the significance of the results and their interpretation Ruggedness and reliability problems with equipment Concern with intrinsic safety of equipment... 

Smaller inventories lead to improved intrinsic safety. 

In the elaboration of a safe process it is necessary to look for those synthetic routes which do not incorporate hazardous raw materials, solvents, and additives. This is unfortunately rarely achievable. Therefore, the best way to insure higher intrinsic safety is ... 

One of the serious problems which has faced both manufacturers and users in applying the intrinsic safety concept has been the inability to interconnect apparatus of different manufacturers and... 

Capp, B. and Widginton, D.W., "The Intrinsic Safety of Resistive Circuits", 2nd International Conference on Electrical Safety in Hazardous Environments, 9-11 Dec 1975, pages 43-47 Electrical Equipment for Hazardous Locations, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Northbrook, IL... 

Magison, Ernest C., Intrinsic Safety, Instrument Society of America, Research Triangle Park, 1984... 

Redding, R.J., "The Use of Solid State Circuitry Within Hazardous Areas", 3rd International Conference on Electrical Safety in Hazardous Environments, 1-3 Dec 1982, pages 219-233 Weatherhead, D., "Intrinsic Safety", Measurement and Control, Vol 10 No. 9, Sept 1977, pages 341-349... 

Zborovszky, Zsuzsanna and Louise A. Cotugino, A Comprehensive Study of Intrinsic Safety Criteria, Bureau of Mines, Open File Report 23-73, March 1972... 

The intrinsic safety is however affected by both the process equipment and the properties of the chemical substances present in the process. Therefore also the index should reflect this fact. We have included parameters into the list (Table 5) to represent the process aspects of the inherent safety. These parameters are the type of equipment involved and the safety of process structure which describe the process configuration from a system point of view. Also a third parameter to describe the interaction (reactivity) of the chemicals present in the process has been included, since this is an obvious source of risk. 

Intrinsic safety is based on the principal of restricting the electrical energy available in hazardous area circuits such that any sparks or hot surfaces that may occur as a result of electrical faults are too weak to cause an ignition. The useful power is about 1 watt, which is sufficient for most current instrumentation. It also provides a personnel safety factor since the voltages are low and it can allow field equipment to be maintained and calibrated "live" without the need for a gas free environment verification. Electrical components or equipment can be manufacturer as intrinsically safe and there readily usable in areas where combustible gases or vapors may be present. 

Under the Medical Device Amendments of 1976, the FDA is responsible for premarket evaluation of all laboratory testing devices (in vitro diagnostics) intended to be commercially marketed in the United States. There are two major pathways for introducing a medical device into the marketplace the premarket notification [510(k) clearance] and the premarket approval (PMA). The purpose of the 510(k) is to establish that a device is substantially equivalent (SE) to a legally marketed (predicate) device. The purpose of the PMA evaluation process is to establish the intrinsic safety and effectiveness of a new device. Unless specifically exempt, a sponsor must have an approved PMA or cleared premarket notification [510(k)] by the FDA before a device may be legally marketed for IVD use (Fig. 1). 

The PMA evaluation process, unlike the 510(k) process, is intended to establish intrinsic safety and effectiveness of a device, rather than comparability with a legally marketed predicate device. For PMA, the performance characteristics of a device must be established as a stand-alone application. In order for an IVD PMA to be approved, the sponsor must demonstrate that the device has clinical utility and that it is safe and effective for its intended use. Generally, the agency bases its determination of clinical utility on whether the device is recognized widely by health practioners or supported by peer-reviewed scientific literature as having reasonable clinical utility or usefulness. The PMA is the more stringent of... 

Short residence time, minimal downstream separation, energy efficient, zero waste, low inventory, improved intrinsic safety, improved process flexibility, reduced area required, rapid product grade change, rapid response to market needs, improved control. 

Owing to their intrinsic safety and inexpensive nature, AN/fuel formulations have almost completely replaced dynamites as the mining explosive. As a result, they are by far the most widely used explosive. AN formulations are sold as AN prill or solution, ANFO pre-mixed, AN water—gel (although this is becoming obsolete) AN emulsions, either in cartridges or as bulk material that is brought to the site and loaded directly from the tmck to the borehole and heavy ANFO (ANFO folded into an AN emulsion). AN formulations usually require the use of a high explosive booster, but powerful and cap-sensitive formulations can be prepared. 

Iimovation is also driven by state-backed R D programmes. A greater alignment of research promotion in accordance with gniding principles such as intrinsic safety of prodncts , short-range chemistiy or snstainable chemistry may give direction to innovation efforts in indnstiy. 

With regard to hazardous substance substitution, the guiding principle of the intrinsic safety of chemical substances, products or application systems was examined within the scope of the SubChem project. An essential approach for implementation of the guiding principle of the intrinsically safe substance or the intrinsically safe application system, especially with regard to the health and ecological consequences, would be the use of chemicals of short ranges (chemicals with low environmental persistence and transport distance) e.g. by ... 

The guiding principle of intrinsic safety also contains the idea that the chemical stmcture of a substance already predefines its potential effects and that it can therefore be possible to determine presumably more safe and presumably more problematic to hazardous substance groups on the basis of their stmcture (QSAR). Further guiding principles, which were developed within the scope of the workshop, are outlined in brief in Table 2. 

Innovation is also driven by state-promoted R D programmes. An emphatic reorientation of research support in accordance with guiding principles such as intrinsic safety of products , chemicals of low spatial range or sustainable chemistry may create an impetus for innovation efforts in the industry. 

The development of microfabrication technologies for ceramic and metallic materials has significantly promoted, during the last decade, research in the field of microreactors, characterized by higher specific productivity, better control of operating conditions and a higher standard of intrinsic safety than large-scale reactors [33, 34]. 

There have been reports of several overdoses that prove the intrinsic safety of this compound. Prove is used here in the classic British sense i.e., to challenge. The proof of the pudding is in the eating, is not a verification of quality, but an inquiry into the quality itself. (The French simplify all this by using two separate verbs for prove.) One overdose was intentional, the other accidental. 

The term intrinsic has a meaning similar to that of inherent, but the common usage of intrinsic in the chemical industry usually means a protection technique related to electricity. Intrinsic safety is based on the restriction of electrical energy to a level below which sparking or heating effects cannot ignite an explosive atmosphere (Lees,2 p. 513). 

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