Synthetic resins—Plastics

Urea is also used as a protein food supplement for ruminants, in melamine production, and as an ingredient in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals (e.g., barbiturates), synthetic resins, plastics (urethanes), adhesives, coatings, textile antishrink agents, and ion exchange resins. It is an intermediate in the manufacture of ammonium sulfamate, sulfamic acid, and pthalocyanines. 

Medium (e.g. 20-50 X 103 lb/in.2) 4-8 Synthetic resins, plastics, PVC, ammonium chloride, DMT (dimethylterephthalate), inorganic salts, animal feed stuffs Ferrous alloys (in powder form), fluorspar, nickel powder, molybdenum powder Iron, potash salts, glass-maker s sand blends... 

This chapter is designed to provide a basic understanding of the synthetic resin (plastics) processing that is necessary to improve or alter the properties of various synthetic resin materials so these resins may be turned into more desirable and useful consumer products. It also discusses the health, safety, and environmental issues associated with the industrial processes used to formulate colorant and additive products. 

Formerly used in hydraulic fluid, rubber plasticizers, synthetic resin plasticizers, adhesives, wax extenders, dedusting agents, inks, cutting oils, pesticide extenders, sealants and caulking compounds. Although the production and sales was discontinued in late 1977, it is still present in transformers now in use, as well as in electrical capacitors, electrical transformers, vacuum pumps and gas-transmission turbines. 

Use Chemical intermediate for synthetic resins, plasticizers, surface-active agents, perfumes, and other products. A permissible antioxidant for aviation gasoline (ASTM D910-64T). 

Use Intermediate in manufacture of insecticides, synthetic resins plasticizer, rubber accelerator. 

Durez [Occidental], TM for synthetic resins, plastics, molding compositions, phenolformal-dehyde resins, furfuryl alcohol resins, polyester resins, and polyurethane resins. 

Use Intermediate for synthetic resins, plasticizers, surface active agents, perfumes. 

Phenol, p-(tert-butyl)- PTBP Terbutol Ucar butylphenol 4-T Dear butylphenol 4-T flake. Antioxidant chemical intermediate for synthetic resins, plasticizers, surface active agents. Intermediate in the manf. of varnish and lacquer, as a soap antioxidant, in motor oil additives. Used as an Intermediate in manufacture of varnishes, as a soap antioxidant, in demulsifiers and as a motor oil additive. Registered by EPA as an antimicrobial and fungicide (cancelled). Needles mp = 98" bp = 237 dV 0.9081 hn = 220, 276 nm (cyclohexane) insoluble in cold HzO, soluble in EtOH, EtzO LDso (rat orl) = 3250 mg/kg. ICI Chem. Polymers Ltd Jar)ssen Chimica PMC Sigma-Aldrich Co. 

Epoxides are formed by oxidation of ole-finic or aromatic double bond. The oxidizing agents for such epoxidation reactions are peracids or peroxides with or without catalysts. The epoxy compounds are widely used as intermediates to produce synthetic resins, plasticizers, cements, adhesives, and other materials. 

Plastics. Vehicles in offset inks for plastics (polyethylene, polystyrene, vinyl) are based on hard drying oleoresinous varnishes which sometimes are diluted with hydrocarbon solvents. Letterset inks for polystyrene employ vehicles of somewhat more polar nature. Polyester or other synthetic resins (acryhc) dissolved in glycol ethers and/or esters are used in some of the older inks. Uv inks are widely used for decoration of these preformed plastic containers. 

Ammonia is used in the fibers and plastic industry as the source of nitrogen for the production of caprolactam, the monomer for nylon 6. Oxidation of propylene with ammonia gives acrylonitrile (qv), used for the manufacture of acryHc fibers, resins, and elastomers. Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), produced from ammonia and formaldehyde, is used in the manufacture of phenoHc thermosetting resins (see Phenolic resins). Toluene 2,4-cHisocyanate (TDI), employed in the production of polyurethane foam, indirectly consumes ammonia because nitric acid is a raw material in the TDI manufacturing process (see Amines Isocyanates). Urea, which is produced from ammonia, is used in the manufacture of urea—formaldehyde synthetic resins (see Amino resins). Melamine is produced by polymerization of dicyanodiamine and high pressure, high temperature pyrolysis of urea, both in the presence of ammonia (see Cyanamides). 

Vatty Acids andFattyAcidLsters. Sulfolane exhibits selective solvency for fatty acids and fatty acid esters which depends on the molecular weight and degree of fatty acid unsaturation (40—42). AppHcations for this process are enriching the unsaturation level in animal and vegetable fatty oHs to provide products with better properties for use in paint, synthetic resins, food products, plastics, and soaps. 

Whereas celluloid was the first plastics material obtained by chemical modification of a polymer to be exploited, the phenolics were the first commercially successful fully synthetic resins. It is interesting to note that in 1963, by a merger of two subsidiary companies of the Union Carbide and the Distillers organisations, there was formed the Bakelite Xylonite Company, an intriguing marriage of two of the earliest names in the plastics industry. 

Although development work on shellac in blends with other synthetic resins has been carried out over a period of time, the only current use in the plastics industry is in the manufacture of electrical insulators. At one time electrical insulators and like equipment were fabricated from mica but with increase in both the size and quantity of such equipment shellac was introduced as a binder for mica flake. For commutator work the amount of shellac used is only 3-5% of the mica but in hot moulding Micanite for V-rings, transformer rings etc., more than 10% may be used. The structures after assembly are pressed and cured, typically for two hours at 150-160°C under pressure. 

The term s plastic, polymer, resin, elastomer, and reinforced plastic (RP) are some-what synonymous. However, polymer and resin usually denote the basic material. Whereas plastic pertains to polymers or resins containing additives, fillers, and/or reinforcements. Recognize that practically all materials worldwide contain some type of additive or ingredient. An elastomer is a rubberlike material (natural or synthetic). Reinforced plastics (also called composites although to be more accurate called plastic composites) are plastics with reinforcing additives, such as fibers and whiskers, added principally to increase the product s mechanical properties. 

R.S. Morell,. Synthetic Resins and Allied Plastics , Oxford Univ Press, London (1943), 253 5) R.L. Wakeman, The Chemistry of... 

Plastics materials, synthetic resins, and nonvulcanizable elastomers... 

The resins are substances derived mostly from vegetable sources some have been used as binders in the preparation of paints and varnishes, others as incense burned in ritual ceremonies, and a few, such as amber, have been used on their own, as semiprecious stones. It should be noted, however, that since the midtwentieth century the term resin has acquired a new meaning that of a synthetic pliable "plastic" material that can be shaped, mostly when hot. Synthetic resins are used mainly for packaging and for making textile fibers and automobile parts. In the discussion that follows the term resin is used to refer only to resins of natural origin (Serpico and White 2000a Parry 1918). 

The list of new chemicals whose presence in the environment represents an ascertained or potential risk is sizeable and broadly contains resins, plastics, and plastic additives (e.g., plasticizers and flame retardants) pharmaceuticals and personal care products (e.g., disinfectants, fragrances, sunscreens, antibiotics, drugs of abuse, and natural and synthetic hormones) detergents and other cleaning... 

He found out in 1909 that a resinous plastic substance is formed in this reaction. This substance could be heated and moulded into a shape. Further heating of a substance in the mould sets it in the fine shape. Further heating does not resoften this substance. Baekeland patented this substance and called it Bakelite. Bakelite was the first Synthetic polymer. The industry of Bakelite led to a study and establishment success of polymer science. 

Phthalic anhydride is a significant commercial product. Its main area of application is in synthetic resins and plasticizers. The production capacity worldwide was about 3.62 million t in 1997. 

It may be noted that triaryl phosphates already referred to are also used as fire-resisters and as plasticizers for cellulose esters and for synthetic resins such as polystyrene and polyvinyl esters.3... 

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