Surfactants liquid soaps

Sodium alcohol sulfates are also used in the formulation of synthetic soaps and paste hand cleaners, commonly together with other surfactants and as tablet disintegrators in the case of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Sodium, but preferably ammonium and alkanolamine salts, is also used in liquid soaps. 

All of the aspects and applications described in papers can be traced back to the patent literature [73]. The special or synergistic effect of ether carboxylates in combination with other surfactants is very often the basis, like combinations with alkyl ether sulfates or alkyl sulfates, for shampoos, foambaths, showerbaths, and liquid soaps [9,70,81-85], and the same for amidether carboxylates [71]. 

Parris, N. (1978). Surfactant analysis by high performance liquid chromatography I. A rapid analysis for mixtures of amphoteric surfactants and soap. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 55(9), 675-677. 

This capability of self-assembly to make ordered arrays of nanostructures is, in essence, nothing new. Crystallization of molecular or atomic species (whether it is the phase transition of liquid water into solid ice, or of liquid silicon into semiconductor-grade silicon crystal) is an example of self-assembly, as are the formation of surfactants in soap bubbles126, the crystallization of viruses for x-ray structure determination127, and the ordering of liquid crystals in displays128. The novelty of self-assembly is in the focus on the formation of matter structured rationally at scales less than 100 nm, and the realization that the only practical method of achieving these structure is to have the components assemble themselves spontaneously. 

In personal care, washing involving the body, hair and teeth is the fundamental application of surfactants and there are also important roles played by surfactants as emulsifiers in skin care products. In the late 1970s the hand soap market was revolutionised by the introduction of liquid soaps based on synthetic surfactants as opposed to the bar soaps based on natural... 

Liquid soap helps to reduce surface tension (Box 25.1) and therefore improves the penetration of active agents. It also improves maceration under an occlusive dressing. Anionic and cationic soaps, like alcohol, enhance the action of phe-nol. " Formulation requirements are strict. If there is too much surfactant, the phenol ends up within a micelle and its action is reduced. If there is not enough, the solutions are not stable. 

Methanol solution of liquid soap, which contains surfactants Nonionic and anionic surfactants (see Fig, 6.12). 

MS is the average number of moles of substitution (in the case of HEC, hydroxy-ethyl and ethoxy units) added per anhydroglucose ring. The MS value, unlike DS, can exceed 3 in the case of HEC, since side chains of PEO can form. Commercial water-soluble HEC samples have DS values in the range 0.85 to 1.35 and MS values in the range 1.3 to 3.4. HEC aqueous dispersions are pseudoplastic and thermally reversible. HEC is compatible with nonionic, cationic, and anionic materials (salts and surfactants). It is stable in the pH range 2 to 11. As a thickener, it is used in hair care products (conditioners, etc.), liquid soaps, shaving products, cationic lotions, antiperspirants, and deodorants. 

EP 304328 (1989) [124] Kreischer (Unilever) Nonsoap anionic surfactant and soap electrolyte level > 20% Thixotropic liquid structured by surfactants only... 

Of the four types of synthetic surfactants, anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic, the anionic surfactants provide maximum lather and hence are used as major components in liquid products. The active ingredients used in the major brands of liquid soaps are described by Dyer and Hassapis [6],... 

A widely available anionic surfactant is sodium lauryl sulfate. This surfactant is fairly irritating to skin. Ethoxylation of this surfactant lowers its irritation potential but it also lowers its lather. The optimal mildness and lather is obtained with a degree of ethoxylation of 2 or 3. This surfactant is widely used with 2 moles of ethoxylation (laureth 2-sulfate) and is available as 28% active or 70% active. In some cases it is also used with 3 moles of ethoxylation (laureth 3-sulfate). The loss of lather due to ethoxylation is generally compensated for by using foam boosters such as lauramide diethanolamide, cocamide diethanolamide, and amine oxides. Alfa olefin sulfonate is another cost-effective surfactant emerging as a popular surfactant for liquid soap formulations [7],... 

A typical liquid soap and body wash product is generally comprised of a mixture of these different types of surfactants to achieve the desired cleaning and foaming... 

As discussed in Section 4.4.1, it is possible to reduce the critical voltage by changing the wettability of the electrode-electrolyte interface, which can be achieved by adding surfactants to the electrolyte. An example is shown in Fig. 7.9(a). Liquid soap was added to 30 wt% NaOH [129]. The critical voltage is reduced from around 30 to about 14 V. The critical current density and the gas film formation time are also reduced. Machining at lower voltages becomes possible. An example of successive drillings of microholes at 20 V is illustrated in Fig. 7.9(b). Very well-defined contours are achieved. The fluctuation of the mean diameter is less than 5 Xm (computed from a set of 50 microholes), which... 

Substances known as surfactants can be added to a liquid to decrease surface tension. Common surfactants include soaps and detergents that reduce water s surface tension this promotes the interaction of water with grease and dirt, making it easier to remove. 

Due to their importance for life sciences, for example the formation of biological membranes, and their technical importance as surfactants and soaps, potential lyotropic properties of amphiphilic compounds are much better investigated than other ones of different molecular types the broad field of surfactant liquid crystals is discussed in Chapter VII of this volume. 

Soaps are still major components of modem detergents, On the one hand, the formation of lather will be controlled by the addition of soap with long carbon chains. On the other hand, soaps based on coconut oil acids are components of liquid soaps, where they form lime soap by reaction with the components in hard water. In this way, they bind the polyvalent ions resulting from the water hardness. The formed insoluble lime soap is dispersed by an excess of soap or by other surfactants in the product so that it cannot deposit on the fibres. The major application of soap lies mainly in the field of human cleansing agents. Toilet soaps with different properties are easily obtained by the addition of lime soap dispersants, perfume oils, re-fatting agents, herbal extracts and other active substances. 

In the beginning of past century, liquid soaps were prepared by dissolving potassium salt of coco fatty acids in glycerin [69]. With time, glycerin has been replaced by water, and fatty acid salts have been replaced by milder, more soluble, synthetic surfactants in liquid products. 

The amphoteric surfactants are relatively expensive products compared to anionic surfactants. Thus, it is not surprising that they are primarily being utilized at low concentrations in cosmetic formulations. A review of 438 shampoos of the U.S. market reveals that appreciable quantities, for example, >5% of alkylamido betaines and imidazolinium surfactants were found in only 8.7% and 13.5%, respectively, of the investigated shampoos. Alkyl betaines were found in a limited number of cases, whereas sulfo betaines were not found in this stndy [4,5]. Since these studies were made, the market has focused on mild products. The change in the U.S. market from bar to liquid soaps has increased the use of alkylamidopropyl betaines. 

Dimethylaminopropylamine is an aliphatic amine present in amphoteric surfactants such as liquid soaps and shampoos. It is present as an impurity responsible for allergy from cocamidopropylbetaine. It is structurally similar to diethylaminopropylamine. It is also used as a curing agent for epoxy resins and as an organic intermediate in chemical syntheses (ion exchangers, additives for flocculants, cosmetics and fuel additives, dyes and pesticides). 

Synonyms Tegobetaine L7 N-cocamidopropyl-N,N-dimethylglycine hydroxide inner salt cocoamidopropylbetaine N-(cocoamido-propyl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-carboxymethyl ammonium betaine N-(3-cocoamidopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-carboxymethyl ammonium hydroxide inner salt N-(3-cocoamidopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-carboxymethyl betaine coconut oil amidopropyl betaine 3-amino-N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-i-propanaminium-N-coco acyl derivatives, hydroxides, inner salts Uses surfactant in liquid soaps, shampoos, hair colorants, shower and bath formulations Cross cocobetaine... 

Highly concentrated surfactant for use in toiletries and cosmetics. A versatile formulating tool for shampoo concentrates, bath gels, liquid soaps and syndet beauty bars. 

Mild, emollient conditioning surfactant. Substantive to skin and hair. Its viscosity-building and foam-enhancing qualities make it ideal for use in shampoos, conditioners, liquid soaps and bath products. 

High-foaming, mild surfactant. Stable over a wide pH range. Excellent foam and viscosity building with anionics suggest uses in shampoos, bubble baths, liquid soaps, conditioners and skin cleansers. 

High foaming, mild surfactant for liquid soaps and hand cleaners. 

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