Anionic surfactants liquid soaps

EP 304328 (1989) [124] Kreischer (Unilever) Nonsoap anionic surfactant and soap electrolyte level > 20% Thixotropic liquid structured by surfactants only... 

Ether carboxylates are used not only in powdered detergents but in liquid laundry detergents for their hard water stability, lime soap dispersibility, and electrolyte stability they improve the suspension stability and rheology of the electrolyte builder [130,131]. Formulations based particularly on lauryl ether carboxylate + 4.5 EO combined with fatty acid salt and other anionic surfactants are described [132], sometimes in combination with quaternary compounds as softeners [133,163]. Ether carboxylates show improved cleaning properties as suds-controlling agents in formulations with ethoxylated alkylphenol or fatty alcohol, alkyl phosphate esters or alkoxylate phosphate esters, and water-soluble builders [134]. 

Many surfactants have been used to formulate microemulsions (1). They were of three types anionic surfactants such as petroleum sulfonates, sodium octyl benzene sulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, alkaline soaps cationic surfactants such as dodecyl ammonium and hexadecyl eimmonium chlorides or bromides and nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene glycols. Furthermore, many exhibit liquid-crystalline properties (2) and in some cases the structure of the mesophases has been established (3). Nevertheless, nearly nothing is known about their compatibility with blood and tissues, and, from our own experience, some exhibit a high lytic power for red cells... 

Liquid soap helps to reduce surface tension (Box 25.1) and therefore improves the penetration of active agents. It also improves maceration under an occlusive dressing. Anionic and cationic soaps, like alcohol, enhance the action of phe-nol. " Formulation requirements are strict. If there is too much surfactant, the phenol ends up within a micelle and its action is reduced. If there is not enough, the solutions are not stable. 

Methanol solution of liquid soap, which contains surfactants Nonionic and anionic surfactants (see Fig, 6.12). 

MS is the average number of moles of substitution (in the case of HEC, hydroxy-ethyl and ethoxy units) added per anhydroglucose ring. The MS value, unlike DS, can exceed 3 in the case of HEC, since side chains of PEO can form. Commercial water-soluble HEC samples have DS values in the range 0.85 to 1.35 and MS values in the range 1.3 to 3.4. HEC aqueous dispersions are pseudoplastic and thermally reversible. HEC is compatible with nonionic, cationic, and anionic materials (salts and surfactants). It is stable in the pH range 2 to 11. As a thickener, it is used in hair care products (conditioners, etc.), liquid soaps, shaving products, cationic lotions, antiperspirants, and deodorants. 

Of the four types of synthetic surfactants, anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic, the anionic surfactants provide maximum lather and hence are used as major components in liquid products. The active ingredients used in the major brands of liquid soaps are described by Dyer and Hassapis [6],... 

A widely available anionic surfactant is sodium lauryl sulfate. This surfactant is fairly irritating to skin. Ethoxylation of this surfactant lowers its irritation potential but it also lowers its lather. The optimal mildness and lather is obtained with a degree of ethoxylation of 2 or 3. This surfactant is widely used with 2 moles of ethoxylation (laureth 2-sulfate) and is available as 28% active or 70% active. In some cases it is also used with 3 moles of ethoxylation (laureth 3-sulfate). The loss of lather due to ethoxylation is generally compensated for by using foam boosters such as lauramide diethanolamide, cocamide diethanolamide, and amine oxides. Alfa olefin sulfonate is another cost-effective surfactant emerging as a popular surfactant for liquid soap formulations [7],... 

The amphoteric surfactants are relatively expensive products compared to anionic surfactants. Thus, it is not surprising that they are primarily being utilized at low concentrations in cosmetic formulations. A review of 438 shampoos of the U.S. market reveals that appreciable quantities, for example, >5% of alkylamido betaines and imidazolinium surfactants were found in only 8.7% and 13.5%, respectively, of the investigated shampoos. Alkyl betaines were found in a limited number of cases, whereas sulfo betaines were not found in this stndy [4,5]. Since these studies were made, the market has focused on mild products. The change in the U.S. market from bar to liquid soaps has increased the use of alkylamidopropyl betaines. 

High-foaming, mild surfactant. Stable over a wide pH range. Excellent foam and viscosity building with anionics suggest uses in shampoos, bubble baths, liquid soaps, conditioners and skin cleansers. 

MACKAMIDE MC is an excellent foam stabilizer and viscosity builder when blended with anionic surfactants. It is especially effective in syndet bars, soap pads or any application where low solubility is desirable. MACKAMIDE MC will provide a slow release of surfactants. It is also very effective in clear liquid systems where sufficient hydrotrope (SXS, AXS, propylene glycol, etc.) are incorporated in the system to solubilize the amide. 

We have chosen to study a model system containing an anionic surfactant/I and a cationic surfactant A X where X and X are assumed to be simple ions as Na and Cl , respectively. Such a system could show interesting and unique properties, which should be sensitive to the ratio A /A. X particular feature is that the crystal A A is expected to be particularly stable. As a consequence we have concentrated on the possible equilibria with such a crystalline phase. For most soaps it is the lamellar phase that is the most stable liquid crystalline phase at higher concentrations and this is the other phase we consider. Thus the aim is to describe the equilibrium between crystalline phases A A, A X and A X and a lamellar phase with varying ratio A /A The... 

The viscosity of xanthan gum dispersions is not very sensitive to ionic strength and pH (pH 3-12). Xanthan gum is incompatible with cationic surfactants because it is an anionic polymer. It is used as a thickener in toothpastes [15], shampoos, liquid soaps, food applications, creams, and lotions. Examples of the use of xanthan gum as a thickener in dentifrice formulations are the patent applications WO 9725019 A1 [41] and JP 08295637 A2 [42]. Xanthan gum is available from suppliers such as Calgon, Rhone-Poulenc, and TIC Gum under the trade names Keltrol, Rhodicare, and Ticaxan, respectively. 

ATR-FTIR is a useful analytical tool for multicomponent analysis that employs a mathematical data-treatment process. Also, Carolei and Gutz (2005) have used this technique combined with chemometrics, to determine three surfactants and water simultaneously in shampoo and in liquid soap without either sample dilution or pretreatment. The surfactants analysed were an amphoteric one (cocoamidopropyl betaine), two nonionic ones (coco diethanolamide in shampoo and alkylpolyglucoside in liquid soap), (minor components) and an anionic one (sodium lauryl ether sulfate). Overlapping bands and water absorption were resolved by two multivariate quantification methods classical least squares (CLS) and inverse least squares (ILS) (Massart et al., 1997, 1998). The wave numbers chosen for the calculation process were preferably those of maximum absorption of the minor components. This method can be applied during the production process but not in final product analysis because of interference caused by the fragrance added in the last step (Figure 7.1.2). 

Uses Secondary surfactant for shampoos, bath gels, liquid soaps and facial cleansers cleansing agent viscosity builder solubilizer Features Mild works synergistically with anionic surfactants to build excellent foam stability and flash foaming characteristics compat. with other nonionic surfactants and most anionic and cationic surfactants Properties VCS 2 max. cl. thin liq. mild fatty odor water-disp. sp. gr. 0.999 HLB 7 acid no. 5.0 max. sapon. no. 145-155... 

Emulsifiers and wetting agents (detergents and/or surfactants) are composed of anionic, cationic, or nonionic detergents, metal soaps, polyamines, and tall oils or fatty acids [28]. They facilitate the formation of a stable dispersion of insoluble liquids in water (invert-emulsion). Wetting agents are used to ensure that the solids in mud... 

Cationic and nonionic surfactants are not very common for bar products. However, they can be used at very low levels for certain functional properties. Anionic and amphoteric surfactants are more cost-effective, and have balanced mildness with excellent lathering properties. Some of the nonionic surfactants such as sugar esters and amphoacetates have very good mildness and lathering properties, but are not cost-effective. These surfactants are suitable mainly for liquid products. In combination with fatty acid soaps, SCI, suUbsuccinate, AGES, AOS, and CMGS have been used as surfactants in syndet and combars. 

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