Soaps surfactants

Amidosulfonates. Amidosulfonates or A/-acyl-A/-alkyltaurates, are derived from taurine, H2NCH2CH2S02Na, and are effective surfactants and lime soap dispersants (Table 9). Because of high raw material cost, usage is relatively small. Technically, amidosulfonates are of interest because they are stable to hydrolysis, unaffected by hard water, and compatible with soap. They have been used in soap—surfactant toilet-bar formulations. With shorter, acyl groups, they make excellent wetting agents. 

Trisodium phosphate [7601-54-9] trisodium orthophosphate, Na PO, is an important constituent of hard-surface cleaners including those for ceramic, metal, or painted surfaces. It may be used with soaps, surfactants, or other alkaHes. It precipitates many heavy-metal ions but does not sequester to form soluble chelates. It is thus a precipitant builder and additionally an alkaH. 

FIG. 3 Lime soap dispersing power of some alkyl ether carboxylates compared to other surfactants (DIN 53903). AEC, alkyl ether carboxylate AMEC, amidether carboxylate CAPB, cocamidoproplylbetaine OEC, oleyl ether carboxylate SLES, sodium lauryl ether sulfate. % surfactant soap = % surfactant calculated on the soap needed to disperse the lime soap. (From Refs. 61 and 64.)... 

Modem commercial detergents are mixtures. Their most important component is a surfactant, or surface-active agent, which takes the place of the soap. Surfactant molecules are organic compounds with a structure and action similar to those of soap. A difference is that they typically contain sulfur atoms in their polar groups (4). 

All molecules that, when dissolved in water, reduce surface tension are called surface-active substances (e.g., soaps, surfactants, detergents). This means that such substances adsorb at the surface and reduce surface tension. The same will happen if a surface-active substance is added to a system of oil-water. The interfacial tension of the oil-water interface will be reduced accordingly. Inorganic salts, on the other hand, increase the surface tension of water. 

Sulfonates include alkylbenzenesufonates (ABS), the most widely used of the non-soap surfactants short-chain alkylarenesuifonates lig-nosulfoliates napllialenesulfoliates cz-olefinsulfonales petroleum sulfonates sulfonates with ester, amide, and ether linkages and fatty acid ester sulfonates. 

Aqueous suspensions comprise a wide range of adhesives. These will contain as additives the various soaps, surfactants, and wetting agents necessary to stabilize the emulsion or latex. Additives are also incorporated into aqueous formulations to provide system stability under repeated freeze-thaw cycles during storage. 

Figure 12.2 shows that the optimum salinity increases as the soap/surfactant ratio decreases. During ASP flooding, oil saturation decreases from the downstream (the displacing front) to the upstream. Because soap concentration is proportional to oil saturation, the soap/surfactant ratio would likely decrease. The soap generated in situ is a surfactant different from the injected synthetic surfactant. These two surfactants have different properties. Generally, the injected surfactant is more hydrophilic than the soap. Thus, the optimum salinity of soap is lower than that of the synthetic surfactant. As the soap/surfactant ratio decreases, the optimum salinity would increase. Consequently, the salinity upstream would likely be lower than the optimum salinity, resulting in a local Winsor 1 environment. Such a microemulsion environment is desirable. 

Figure 12.7 shows another example of soap-surfactant synergy. This figure shows IFT between Yates oil and the microemulsion that was formed by 0.2% 4 1 mixture by weight of Neodol 67-7PO sulfate and internal olefin sulfonafe 15-18, wifh water/oil ratio = 3 (Liu et al., 2008). The width of the low IFT region (< 10 mN/m) is much wider with sodium carbonate added than the... 

There are Many ingredients in shampoos and conditioners are similar to most soaps (surfactants, etc.), but cationic polymers play important roles in these products. One... 

The single-gyroid (SG) IMDS with 74i32 (No. 214) symmetry was first discovered in 1967 by Luzzati et al. as a cubic phase occurring in strontium soap surfactants and in pure lipid-water systems [12, 13]. In 1970, Schoen identified the minimal... 

If a fatty acid soap/surfactant is chosen for the biobased grease thickener, there are three components to consider, as shown in fig. 15.2 the hydrophobe, the hydrophile, and the metal cation. The hydrophobe has to make the surfactant compatible with the lubrication fluid. Low-temperature properties are also controlled to a large extent by... 

The first problem that must be addressed is the gel characteristics, which are produced by a combination of soap/surfactant mixtures and some polymer (that acts as a thickener ), e.g. poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Interaction between the surfactants and polymer should be considered to arrive at the optimum composition. 

Amphiphiles, the representatives of which are soap, surfactant and lipid, have a hydrophilic polar head and lipophilic nonpolar tails. They always remain on the interface between water and oil and form monolayers of surfactants in a water/oil/amphiphile ternary system. This monolayers or interfacial film reduce the surface tension between water and oil domains. In a three-component system the surfactant film exists in various topologically different structures such as micelles, vesicles, bicontinuous microemulsions, hexagonal arrays of cylinders or lamellar structures depending upon the pressure, temperature and the concentration of the components [1,2]. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, isotropic and transparent mixtures of ternary amphiphilic systems. When almost equal volume fractions of water and oil are mixed with a dilute concentration of surfactants, they take... 

Strictly speaking, the Smith-Ewart model applies only to the batch polymerization of a completely water-insoluble monomer in the presence of micellar soap. (The terms soap, surfactant, and emulsifier are used interchangeably in this technology.) Its predictions do in fact apply neatly to the case of styrene. The polymerization reaction, after the induction period, can be classified conveniently into three stages, as shown schematically in Fig. 8-2. 

A situation when a bubble is rising in a normal fluid is illustrated in Figure 4.23b with the motion of thinner zones of soap fluid in a vertical soap fluid frame. It is possible to create zones of different two-dimensional density touching the film with pure soap surfactants. The locally increased soap concentration causes the surrounding film to stretch rapidly characterized by a smaller surface tension. This process creates a thinner zone with a constant thickness hi, which could be as small as that of the black films (4.5 nm or 30 nm) or to the silvery white (-100 nm). The limit between the zone of area S and the film is sharply defined with the width of the rim comparable to the film thickness /Zj. If this thin zone is created near the bottom of the frame and surrounded by thicker fluid, it will experience a buoyant force ... 

The DLVO theory can be used to analyse foam stabilization by electrostatic repulsion. When a substance is added to a foam leading to the charge of the surface film this can result in the repulsion of the air bubbles coming near to one another. Soap (surfactant) films arc modelled by two air slabs (infinite thickness) with a liquid film in between. The attractive potential is then given by ... 

Archeochemists believe that the first surfactants, soaps, were made from animal fats and wood ashes in Sumeria about 2500 B.C. Soaps remained the detergents used through the millennia and were a relatively scarce item until the advent of modem chemistry in the nineteenth century. Today, the soap, surfactant, and detergent market occupies a major segment of the chemical industry. The U.S. market for detergents is about 11 billion per year, and world production of surfactants is about 15 billion pounds (6.75 million metric tons). 

Oils and fats are converted into fatty acids and other derivatives for use in lubricants, plastics, resins, soap, surfactants, cosmetics, toiletries and textile chemicals. The Division has started research in this area to optimize and enhance the usage of palm oil in oleochemicals for the above applications. Among the topics being studied are -... 

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