Betaines ammonium

Shampoo bodywash Detergents Sodium lauryl sulfate, Cocamidopropyl betaine. Ammonium lauryl sulfate, Cocamide DEA, Cocamide MEIA Skin irritation. Can promote the formation of cancer-causing substances known as nitrosamines in products during storage. Also found in bubble bath and liquid hand soaps. 

Ammonium, (carboxymethyl) dodecyidimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt. See Lauryl betaine Ammonium, (carboxymethyl) trimethyl-, chloride. See Betaine hydrochioride Ammonium, (9-(o-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene) diethyl-, chloride. See Basic vioiet 10 D C Red No. 19 Ammonium, (3-carboxypropyl) trimethyl-, chloride, methyl ester. See Carpronium chloride... 

Sodium C14-16 olefin sulfonate foam builder, concrete Ammonium capryleth sulfate foam builder, conditioners Canolamidopropyl betaine Hydrolyzed wheat protein TEA-lauroyl keratin amino acids foam builder, conditioning shampoo PEG/PPG-8/3 diisostearate Undecylenoyl collagen amino acids foam builder, corrosion inhibitors N,N-Dimethyl-N-lauric acid-amidopropyl-N-(3-sulfopropyO-ammonium betaine N,N-Dimethyl-N-myristyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine N,N-Dimethyl-N-palmityl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine N,N-Dimethyl-N-stearyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine N,N-Dimethyl-N-tallow-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine N,N-Distearyl-N-methyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine foam builder, cosmetic cleansers Sodium coco-glucoside tartrate TEA-PEG-3 cocamide sulfate foam builder, cosmetics Almondamidopropylamine oxide Almondamidopropyl betaine Ammonium C12-15 alkyl sulfate Ammonium C12-16 alkyl sulfate Ammonium capryleth sulfate Ammonium cocomonoglyceride sulfate Ammonium coco-sulfate Ammonium cocoyl... 

Suave Originals Salon Formula Shampoo Daily Cocodiethanolamide Cocamidopropyl betaine Ammonium lauryl sulfate... 

Chem. Descrip. Cocamidopropyl betaine ammonium salt (modified)... 

The threat of accidental misuse of quaternary ammonium compounds coupled with potential harmful effects to sensitive species of fish and invertebrates has prompted some concern. Industry has responded with an effort to replace the questionable compounds with those of a more environmentally friendly nature. Newer classes of quaternaries, eg, esters (206) and betaine esters (207), have been developed. These materials are more readily biodegraded. The mechanisms of antimicrobial activity and hydrolysis of these compounds have been studied (207). AppHcations as surface disinfectants, antimicrobials, and in vitro microbiocidals have also been reported. Examples of ester-type quaternaries are shown in Figure 1. 

Berberine, 162, 169, 170, 171, 287, 328, 329, 331, 344, 345, 631 Berberine, quaternary ammonium bases from tetrahydro-derivative, 337 Berberine and related bases, pharmacological action, 345 syntheses, 334 Berberineacetone, 333 cptBerberine, 297 profoBerberine, 336 4-Berberines, 335 Berberinium hydroxide, 333 Berberinol, 333 Berberis spp., 328, 331, 346 Berberoline, 332 Berberonic acid, 507 Berberrubine, 329, 343 Berbine, 336 Betaine, 518 Bicucine, 170, 209... 

Krohnke observed that phenacylpyridinium betaines could be compared to 3-diketones based on their structure and reactivity, in particular, their ability to undergo Michael additions. Since 3-dicarbonyls are important components in the Hantzsch pyridine synthesis, application of these 3-dicarbonyl surrogates in a synthetic route to pyridine was investigated. Krohnke found that glacial acetic acid and ammonium acetate were the ideal conditions to promote the desired Michael addition. For example, N-phenacylpyridinium bromide 50 cleanly participates in a Michael addition with benzalacetophenone 51 to afford 2,4,6-triphenylpyridine 52 in 90% yield. 

Betaine, a quaternary ammonium compound, has been isolated... 

Formazans are stable in alkaline solution. Alkaline hydrolysis of functionalities on formazans such as nitriles, esters, and amides leads to the acids (Section 7.3.1.1). The case of 3-nitroformazans (198) is unique. Reaction with hydroxide ion gives 3-hydroxy formazan (199) which can be readily oxidized to the tetrazolium betaine. In the presence of hydrosulfide, a reduction of the nitro group takes place giving 3-aminoformazan (200) with traces of the 3-mercaptoformazan (201), which by contrast is the main product when ammonium polysulfide is used (Scheme 30).45,346... 

Tertiary amines or pyridine reacts with diphenylboryloxyalkyl(a-oxyal-kyl)phenylphosphine sulfide to give the corresponding ammonium dioxa-borataphosphorinanes [Eq. (114)] (83IZV2545). Ammonium dioxaborata-phosphorinane was obtained by refluxing betaine 104 in triethylamine [Eq. (115)] (92IZV1398). 

The formation of the stable betaine system P+—C—O—B is the driving force for this reaction. With 4,6-disubstituted ammonium 1,3,2,5-dioxaborataphosphorinanes (108), there is the possibility of making a choice between two reaction directions. The reaction product formed by the phosphorane transition state, as 1,3,2,5-dioxaborataphosphoniarinane... 

The least studied of these two cycles are the tetra-chalcogen compounds [P(E)(EH)(/i-NR)]2 for which only the sulfur analogue (E = S) 37 has been reported. It can be prepared as its ammonium salt from reaction of di-thiophosphonic acid chloride betaine (py.PS2Cl py = pyridine) and one equivalent of primary amine in the presence of NEt3 (Equation 54).66,67... 

Ergothioneine is the betaine derived from 2-thiol histidine (i.e. the trimethyl-ammonium derivative). It can be written as a thiol 40 or thione 41 42 the... 

Most studies of micellar systems have been carried out on synthetic surfactants where the polar or ionic head group may be cationic, e.g. an ammonium or pyridinium ion, anionic, e.g. a carboxylate, sulfate or sulfonate ion, non-ionic, e.g. hydroxy-compound, or zwitterionic, e.g. an amine oxide or a carboxylate or sulfonate betaine. Surfactants are often given trivial or trade names, and abbreviations based on either trivial or systematic names are freely used (Fendler and Fendler, 1975). Many commercial surfactants are mixtures so that purity can be a major problem. In addition, some surfactants, e.g. monoalkyl sulfates, decompose slowly in aqueous solution. Some examples of surfactants are given in Table 1, together with values of the critical micelle concentration, cmc. This is the surfactant concentration at the onset of micellization (Mukerjee and Mysels, 1970) and can therefore be taken to be the maximum concentration of monomeric surfactant in a solution (Menger and Portnoy, 1967). Its value is related to the change of free energy on micellization (Fendler and Fendler, 1975 Lindman and Wennerstrom, 1980). 

A Amphiphilic betaines A1 A2 A3 A4 3-(A/,A/-dimethyldodecylammonio) propane sulfbnate(SB12) Lauryldimethyl carboxymethyl-ammonium betaine, REWO Cocoamidopropyl betaine, DEHYTON K, Cocoamidopropyl betaine, AMPHOLYT JB130,... 

Therefore, a C13-AE, a cationic (quaternary ammonium) surfactant (quat), an amphoteric Ci2-alkylamido betaine, and the non-ionic fatty acid diethanol amide (FADA) as presented with their FIA-MS spectra in Fig. 2.5.12(a)-(d) were analysed as pure blends and as mixtures always obtained from two blends in FIA-MS multiple ion detection mode (MID). Mixtures as well as pure blends contained identical concentrations of surfactant homologues. For AE quantitation the mass traces of all A m/z 44 equally spaced homologues (m/z 306-966) of the C13-AE were recorded. The cationic (quaternary ammonium) surfactant, the amphoteric Ci2-alkylamido betaine, and the non-ionic FADA were quantified recording the mass traces at m/z 214 and 228, or 184, 212, 240, 268, 285, 296, 313, 324 and 341, or 232,260, 288, 316 and 344, respectively. 

To recognise ion suppression reactions, the AE blend was mixed together either (Fig. 2.5.13(a) and (b)) with the cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant, (c, d) the alkylamido betaine compound, or (e, f) the non-ionic FADA, respectively. Then the homologues of the pure blends and the constituents of the mixtures were quantified as presented in Fig. 2.5.13. Ionisation of their methanolic solutions was performed by APCI(+) in FIA-MS mode. The concentrations of the surfactants in the mixtures were identical with the surfactant concentrations of the blends in the methanolic solutions. Repeated injections of the pure AE blend (A 0-4.0 min), the selected compounds in the form of pure blends (B 4.0—8.8 min) and their mixtures (C 8.8— 14.0 min) were ionised and compounds were recorded in MID mode. For recognition and documentation of interferences, the results obtained were plotted as selected mass traces of AE blend (A b, d, f) and as selected mass traces of surfactant blends (B a, c, e). The comparison of signal heights (B vs. C and A vs. C) provides the information if a suppression or promotion has taken place and the areas under the signals allow semi-quantitative estimations of these effects. In this way the ionisation efficiencies for the pure blends and for the mixture of blends that had been determined by selected ion mass trace analysis as reproduced in Fig. 2.5.13, could be compared and estimated quite easily. 

Fig. 2.5.12. APCI-FIA-MS(+) overview spectra of industrial surfactant blends used as pure blends or mixtures in the examination of ionisation interferences, (a) C13-AE, (b) cationic (alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium quat) surfactant, (c) amphoteric C12-alkylamido betaine, and (d) non-ionic FADA all recorded from methanolic solutions. 

An improved specificity was observed when FIA-MS-MS in product or parent ion mode was used to perform quantification of the surfactants in the methanolic mixtures. The ions selected for quantitation in product or parent ion mode were C13-AE m/z 71, 85, 99, 113, and 127 from alkyl chain together with 89, 133, and 177 from PEG chain generated from parent ions m/z 394, 526, 658, 790 and 922 alkylbenzyl dimethyl ammonium quat m/z 91 and 58 generated from parent ion m/z 214 FADA m/z 88, 106 and 227 generated from parent ions m/z 232, 260, 288, 316, 344 and 372 while the alkylamido betaine was quantified generating the parent ion m/z 343 obtained from product ion at m/z 240. 

Polyethers, alkanolamides, alkyls, alkylethoxylates, amines, benzyls, carbohydrates, esters, perfluoroalkyls Alkyl-, amidoimidazoline- and carboxy-quaternary ammonium salts Betaines, phosphobetaines, sulfobetaines... 

A broad range of information pertaining to the toxicity of several classes of surfactants including anionic (linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), alkylether sulfates (AES), alkyl sulfates (AS), non-ionic (alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO)), cationic (ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride (DTDMAC)—a group of quaternary ammonium salts of distearyl ammonium chloride (DSDMAC)) and amphoteric surfactants (alkyl-betaines) is available. Several reviews of the scientific literature have been published [3-5,20]. 

The study of these fluorine-containing salts was then extended, and we prepared other new compounds in this series, e.g. 2-fluoroethyl glycine hydrochloride and 2-fluoroethyl betaine hydrochloride (that is, carbofluoroethoxy-methyl trimethyl ammonium chloride). The first of these was readily prepared by the Fischer-Speier esterification of glycine with fluoro-ethyl alcohol ... 

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