Sulphated fatty alcohols

It is a mixture of the sodium salts of sulphated fatty alcohols made by reducing the mixed fatty acids of coconut oil or cottonseed oil, and fish oils. Sometimes natural waxes such as spermaceti, wool fat and bees wax are sulphated directly. 

Dishwashing liquids Alkyl benzene sulphonates Alcohol ether sulphates Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Detergency/foaming... 

Resin emulsifiers Alkylphenol ether sulphates Fatty alcohol ether sulphates Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Emulsifiers... 

Cellulose acetate yarn, when it appeared on the market in 1921, presented a new problem because it had no adequate affinity for any of the existing dyestuffs. The first satisfactory method of coloration was due to Holland Ellis who observed that many simple insoluble azo dyes would be absorbed by cellulose acetate from an aqueous dispersion, stabilized with sulphated fatty alcohols or similar surface active compounds. A large number of dyes whose application depends on this principle have now made their appearance and are known as the disperse dyes. The demand for this group has increased very significantly with the advent of the truly synthetic man-made fibres. 

These compounds have the general formula R(OCH2CH2) 804 M. The oxyethylene chain length x is usually less than 6. They are similar in properties to the sulphated fatty alcohols but have the advantage of better aqueous solubility, better resistance to electrolytes and water hardness and are generally less irritant to the skin and eyes. 

A detailed classification of the chemical compounds usually employed was given by (Dubief et al., 2005). The most important of these are organic acids (carboxylic acids and aromatic sulphonic acids), fatty compounds and their derivatives (fatty acids, fatty alcohols, natural triglycerides, natural waxes, fatty esters, oxyethylenated and oxypropy-lenated waxes, partially sulphated fatty alcohols, lanolin and its derivatives, ceramides), vitamins (A, B and E) (see Section 8.6), protein derivatives (extracts or hydrolysates of keratin, collagen and vegetable proteins), silicones (dimethicone and others), cationic surfactants, cationic polymers, amphoteric and betainic polymers. 

Sulphates or sulphuric esters of the long-chain fatty acids were the first alternative to the carboxylates. They are essentially the half esters of sulphuric acid (9.9) the ester incorporating the cetyl hydrophobe (9.10) belongs to the important class of fatty alcohol sulphates. Such sulphates, using C8-C18 hydrophobes, are common. 

Nowadays these compounds are usually blended with other surfactants, including nonionic types (section 9.6). In 1990 a typical low- or non-phosphate domestic detergent contained 7% linear alkylbenzenesulphonate and 6% nonionic fatty alcohol ethoxylate [16]. There is increasing use of the long-chain fatty alcohol poly(oxyethylene) sulphates previously described (e.g. 9.12) as a partial or complete replacement for linear alkylbenzenesulphonates [15] since they are made from renewable feedstocks such as tallow and palm oil [16]. 

Collector PL520 is composed of dialkyl sulphosuccinamate (R845) and a mixture of phosphoric acid ester (SMI5) modified with fatty alcohol ester sulphate in a ratio of 60 20 20. 

Most recently, development testwork was performed on a large perovskite deposit (Powderhom) located in the USA. An effective beneficiation process was developed, where a concentrate assaying >50% Ti02 was achieved in the pilot plant confirmation tests [7]. During this development testwork, a number of different collectors were examined at different pH values. Figure 25.5 shows the effect of the different collectors on perovsikte flotation. The most effective collector was phosphoric acid ester modified with either fatty alcohol sulphate or petroleum sulphonate. 

Marli nats Fatty alcohol ether sulphates Huls... 

Hard surface cleaners Alkyl benzene sulphonates Alkanolamides Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Potassium oleic acid sulphonate Shorter chain alcohol ether sulphates Detergency high/low foaming... 

Coco imido dipropionate Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Alkyl sulphates Sodium dialkyl sulpho succinates Wetting agents... 

Raw materials. Alkyl sulphates are the products of the reaction of SO3 with fatty alcohols which are key materials in surfactants, being used in a wide range of anionics (and nonionics). Since the source and composition of alcohols are so important to such a wide range of surfactants, it is worth examining them in some detail. 

Chemistry and general properties. The chemistry of ether sulphates is very similar to that of alkyl sulphates. The backbone of the molecule is a fatty alcohol and often the same alcohols are used as feedstocks for alkyl sulphates, and alkyl ether sulphates and, with higher degrees of ethoxylation, as non-ionic surfactants. The ethoxylation process is more fully described in Chapter 5. 

Raw materials. Feedstocks for ethoxylated alcohols are made from a large number of alcohols and practically every fatty alcohol used to make alkyl sulphates is also ethoxylated to make non-ionic surfactants, or feedstock for ether sulphates. 

Texapon Series Fatty alcohol sulphates and ether sulphates... 

Empicol Series Fatty alcohol sulphates, ethoxysulphates, etc. 

Effect of hexadecane as additive In a series of papers Hallworth and Carless (7,8,9,TO) have investigated the effect of the nature oT the internal phase on the stability of oil in water emulsions as well as the effect of addition of long chain fatty alcohols with sodium dodecyl sulphate or sodium hexadecyl sulphate as the ionic emulsifier. They found that light petroleum and chlorobenzene emulsions prepared only with sodium hexadecyl sulphate were much less stable than those produced using the longer chain paraffins, white spirit and light liquid paraffins. 

Hallworth and Carless (1 ) discuss several possibilities for the effect of light liquid paraffin on the stability of emulsions with light petroleum or chlorobenzene as the main components. They seem to prefer an explanation previously advanced by them and several other authors for the effect of fatty alcohol, namely that the increased stability is due to the formation of an interfacial complex between the additive and sodium hexadecyl sulphate. The condenced mixed film will resist coalescence primarily by virtue of its rheological properties. With mixed films of the present type, the importance of the film viscoelasticity lies in its ability to maintain electrical repulsion between approaching droplets by preventing lateral displacement of the adsorbed ions. The effective paraffinic oil has chains at least as long as those of the alkyl sulphate and will be associated by van der Waals forces with the hydrocarbon chain of the alkyl sulphate at the interface. 

Oil-in-water creams, for topical use, generally contain mixed emulsifiers/surfactants one of which is a water soluble surfactant with a high HLB, the other being an amphiphile, usually a long chain fatty alcohol (e.g., of chain length C14 to Cig) or acid (e.g., palmitic or stearic). The water soluble surfactant may be anionic (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate), cationic (e.g., cetri-mide), or non-ionic (e.g., cetomacrogol. Tweens). 

Fenton oxidation products of surfactants by ESI-MS and SPME GC-MS. 2. Fatty alcohol polyethoxy sulphates. Rapid Conunun. Mass Spectrom., 14 (2000) 834. 

It is in this class of compounds that the practice of semi-synthesis particularly in the industrial sphere of single or two-step operations is pre-eminent and traditional. The preparation of soap, monoglycerides, or their sulphates, the fatty alcohols, amides and numerous other functional compounds many of which are examples of nucleophilic substitution almost entirely devolve on the reactions of glycerides many of which are examples of nucleophilic substitution. The range of these tranformations particularly with reference to recent developments in surfactant chemistry has been summarised (ref. 100) and discussed with regard to edible applications (ref.101). 

Surfactants like ammonium salts of fatty acids or hydroxy fatty acids, fatty alcohol sulphates and alkylbenzenesulphonates are also used in micro-suspension polymerization mainly employed for manufacturing of paste or plastisol PVC. Certain surfactants like fatty acid polyglycolesters and glycerylmono- or glycery-Imono/distearate are also used as co-stabilizers in suspension PVC manufacturing. 

Sulphonated natural oils, sulphonated oleic acid esters and a-ester sulphonates were investigated as polymerization emulsifiers and have been successfully used as special emulsifiers for establishing certain product properties [49]. Fatty alcohol sulphates have been used as emulsifiers since the very begirming of emulsimi polymerization, and are distinguished by particularly good polymerizatiOTi behaviour and by formation of... 

The development of cosmetic microemulsion cleansers with alkyl polyglycosides (APG) was described by Forster et al. [4]. This class of non-ionic surfactants has excellent environmental and skin compatibility. Cosmetic cleanser multicomponent systems are required to have good foaming and cleansing performance. Figure 8.3 shows a pseudo-ternary phase diagram of a five-component formulation. It consists of water, the oil dioctyl cyclohexane (DOCH), the non-ionic surfactant C12/14-APG, the anionic surfactant fatty alcohol ether sulphate (FAES) and the co-surfactant sorbitan monolaurate (SML). The phase diagram... 

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