Sulphonated natural oils

Sulphonated natural oils, sulphonated oleic acid esters and a-ester sulphonates were investigated as polymerization emulsifiers and have been successfully used as special emulsifiers for establishing certain product properties [49]. Fatty alcohol sulphates have been used as emulsifiers since the very begirming of emulsimi polymerization, and are distinguished by particularly good polymerizatiOTi behaviour and by formation of... 

Among the precipitants employed were tannic acid, tartar emetic, rosin soaps, fatty acid (stearic, oleic) soaps, sulphonated oils (Turkey red oil), earth lakes (mixed natural silicates), phosphates, casein and arsenious acid. The fastness properties of these pigments... 

Natural sulphonates are not, by themselves, namrally occurring but were historically obtained as by-products of white oil manufacture. In recent years, however, they have been produced as first-intent products. Normally, natural sulphonates are obtained as the neutral sodium salts. These materials have also been referred to as petroleum sulphonates or mahogany acid soaps. Reaction sequence (7.5) shows the formation of natural sulphonates ... 

Mahogany acid soaps are oil soluble, whereas green acid soaps, so named because of their characteristic colour, are water soluble. The use of natural sulphonates in lubricants has decreased in recent years, mainly due to cost and availability issues. Synthetic sulphonates have replaced them where possible, although a demand for natural sulphonates remains in certain applications. 

FAME may become in the future a possible organic feedstock to be sulphonated to Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Sulphonate (FAMES). This feedstock is naturally renewable as it is produced from oils/fats or fatty acids. There are several possible process routes for the manufacture of FAME. Transesterification of fat triglycerides is the predominant method for manufacture of mixed fatty acid methyl esters, and direct esterification of fatty acids (FA) is practised if very selective cuts of product, in general as an intermediate detergent range alcohol, are desired. Methyl cocoate is a mobile, oily liquid above 25"C with a yellow tint and a characteristic fatty acid pungent odour. FAME sulphonation to FAMES is technically possible but hardly applied up to now (1990). 

As mentioned before, the hydrophilic head group may be unionized, e.g. alcohols or poly(ethylene oxide) alkane or alkyl phenol compounds, weakly ionized such as carboxylic acids or strongly ionized such as sulphates, sulphonates and quaternary ammonium salts. Adsorption of these different surfactants at the air/ water and oil/water interface depends on the nature of the head group. With nonionic surfactants, repulsion between the head groups is small and these surfactants... 

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