Fatty compounds

Bruhl found that the increase of CHj in all the homologous series of fatty compounds corresponds to a difierence of 4 57 in the molecular refraction for the red hydrogen line. By deducting n times this value from the molecular refraction cf an aldehyde or ketone of the formula C H2 0, he found 2 328 to be the value for intra-radical oxygen. Similarly the values of other groupings have been determined which may be summarised as follows —... 

Fett-industrie, /. fat industry. kalk, m. fat lime, -kohle, /. fat coal, coal rich in volatile matter, -kdrper, m. fatty compound, fat aliphatic compound fatty or greasy matter. kUgelchen, n. fat globule, fett-lickern, .f. (Leather) fat-liquor. -Idsend, a. fat-dissolving. 

Fettung,/. oiling, etc. (see fetten). Fett-verbindung, /. fatty compound, aliphatic compound, -verseifung, /. saponification of fat. -wachs, n. adipocere. fettwachsartig, a. adipocerous. 

The microwave-assisted PTC transesterification of several carbohydrates in basic medium with methyl benzoate or laurate has been studied [96], Small amounts of DMF were necessary to provide good yields within 15 min at 160 °C. Rate enhancements were compared to conventional heating (A) under the same conditions and specific microwave activation was mostly seen when the less reactive fatty compounds were involved (Eq. (44) and Tab. 3.19)... 

This study was next extended to the synthesis of benzoyl and dodecanoyl derivatives from protected carbohydrates [67]. Microwave-assisted PTC transesterifications with methyl benzoate or dodecanoate were studied for several carbohydrates. Small amounts of dimethylformamide (DMF) were shown to be necessary to provide good yields (76-96%) within 15 min. Rate enhancements when compared to conventional heating (A) and specific microwave activation were especially noticeable when less reactive fatty compounds were involved (Eq. 48). 

Polymers Catalytic reactions involving C=C bonds are widely used for the conversion of unsaturated fatty compounds to prepare useful monomers for polymer synthesis. Catalytic C-C coupling reactions of unsaturated fatty compounds have been reviewed by Biermann and Metzger [51]. Metathesis reactions involving unsaturated fatty compounds to prepare co-unsaturated fatty acid esters have been applied by Warwel et al. [52], Ethenolysis of methyl oleate catalyzed by ruthenium carbenes developed by Grubb yields 1-decene and methyl 9-decenoate (Scheme 3.6), which can be very useful to prepare monomers for polyolefins, polyesters, polyethers and polyamide such as Nylon 11. 

The immobilized enzymes can, therefore, be easily separated by filtration and they are recyclable several times without loss of activity. Actually, total turnovers as high as 2 x 105 moles of product per mole of catalyst have been recorded. Nevertheless, as a drawback, it is worth highlighting that these systems are very sensitive to the kind of substrate employed and hence they can be unsuitable and less versatile for some particular oleochemical applications. For instance, fatty compounds with the C=C in the trans configuration, such as elaidic acid, react very slowly, and the epoxidation of polyunsaturated oleochemicals proceeds step by step. This means that the formation of di-epoxides takes place only after the nearly complete formation of monoepoxides. 

The ability of titanium-grafted silicas in catalyzing the epoxidation with TBHP of fatty compounds was first tested on two pure Qg monounsaturated FAMEs methyl oleate (ds-9-octadecenoate Scheme 12.1) and methyl elaidate (trans-9-octadecenoate) [49]. In both cases, selectivity to 9,10-epoxystearate was very high (>95%) and the reaction was fully stereospecific, confirming that epoxidation with titanium catalysts and TBHP proceeds via a non-radical mechanism with retention of configuration at the C=C bond. Ti-MCM-41 was more active than Ti-SiC>2 (Fig. 12.1). Actually, methyl oleate was almost completely converted after... 

Diethylstilbestrol is particularly difficult to quantitate below 1.0 ppb in bovine tissues, especially in liver, which is among the last tissues to contain diethystilbestrol after cattle are withdrawn from receiving tire drug (101, 102). Interferences from tissue matrix constitute a major problem that might be due to nonspecific interference of lipids and fatty compounds (103, 104). In addition, problems with false-positive results often appear in urine analysis unless a chromatographic step such as a solid-phase extraction cleanup (105, 106) is introduced. Simple sample preparation procedures such as those based on solvent extraction and liquid-liquid partitioning do not usually give satisfactory results (107, 108). 

Large CH2/CH3 intensity ratios suggest long alkyl chains and visa versa. CH stretching features for fatty compounds (and proteins) and carbohydrates are significantly different. Frequencies of the iy,(CH2) and Vs(CH2) bands can be used to qualitatively monitor conformational order. 

For industrial applications, the group of fats and oils is one of the most important. Fats of vegetable and animal origin are used as food, feed, and for industrial proposes. At the beginning of the millennium, the ratio between food, feed, and industry use was 80 6 14. The increasing demand has increased the industrial use of oleocompounds, e.g., 54% of rapeseed oils were used in the year 2006 for industrial proposes. Worldwide, 144 million tons of fatty compounds were produced in 2008. 

The most important fatty compounds are derived from soybean plants and palm oil. The main growing area of palm oil is Asia [3]. 

A rhodium catalyst [Rh(cod)Cl]2 was applied at 140°C and 100 bar to achieve a yield of 99% in hydroaminomethylation of ethyl oleate and morpholine. Several amines were tested in the reaction with fatty compounds hexylamine, benzylamine, aspartic diethyl acid, valinol, and diisopropylamine are further amines which can be employed in hydroaminomethylation. The conversion with primary amines showed that hydroaminomethylation can proceed twice on the amine. The dimer fatty acid ester bridged with an amine is a highly functionalized molecule with various applications. An excess of the primary amine during the reaction prohibits the reaction of the hydroformylation product with a secondary amine which is the product of hydroaminomethylation with the primary amine (Scheme 19). 

Oleochemical modification [e.g. Surfasam (Morard et al., 2007), WoodProtect (Magne et al., 2003)]. Wood is reacted with fatty compounds such as alkenyl succinic anhydrides or fatty-acetic anhydrides. The alkenyl or fatty base comes from vegetable oils (fatty acid or fatty acid esters) (Figure 5.9). 

It is a low-density fatty compound produced in the whale s stomach and intestines in response to irritation, possibly from the passing of the hard, sharp beaks of squid, which are a major part of the whale s diet. 

The measured values of tj> for the eight fatty compounds used in this study are shown in Table II. 

The values for lauric acid, stearic acid, and stearyl alcohol are 5 to 7 dynes/cm. higher than those reported previously. This probably reflects a difference in the purity of the mercury used rather than the polar fatty compounds. Very small traces of metallic impurities in mercury have been shown to alter its surface properties greatly. 

It may be somewhat surprising that the shorter fatty polar compounds effectively make the mercury water-repellent whereas the longer ones do not. The situation can be pictured, however, as one in which the relative affinities of bulk water and fatty monolayer for the mercury surface determines which substance displaced the other. Among the polar fatty compounds 7re, at any given temperature, can be taken as an index of affinity between the spread material and the mercury. On this basis the Ci2-Ci4 compounds in Table II have greater affinity for mercury... 

Anon., 2003a), requires CN > 40, while those for biodiesel prescribe minimums of 47 for ASTM standard D 6751 (Anon., 2007a) and 51 for European Committee for Standardization (CEN) standard EN 14214 (Anon., 2003b). Due to the high CNs of many fatty compounds, which can exceed the cetane scale, the term lipid combustion quality number for these compounds was suggested (Freedman et al, 1990). 

The influence of compound structure on CNs of fatty compounds was discussed (Harrington, 1986) and hypotheses confirmed by practical cetane tests (Freedman et al, 1990 Ladommatos et al, 1996 Klopfenstein, 1985 Knothe et al, 2003). CNs of neat fatty compounds are given in Table 1.1. In summary, CNs decrease with increasing unsaturation and increase with increasing chain length, i.e., uninterrupted CH2 moieties. However, branched esters derived... 

TABLE 1.16. HFRR data (60 °C duplicate determinations) of commercial biodiesel, petrodiesel, hydrocarbons and neat fatty compounds. 

Knothe, G., Bagby, M. O., and Ryan, T. W. III. 1997. Cetane Numbers of Fatty Compounds Influence of Compound Structure and Various Potential Cetane Improvers. In SAE Spec. Publ. SP-1274, State of Alternative Fuel Technologies (pp. 127-132). Warrendale PA Society of Automotive Engineers, (Paper No. 971681). 

Knothe, G., and Dunn, R. O. 2003. Dependence of Oil Stability Index of Fatty Compounds on Their Structure and Concentration and Presence of Metals. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 80,1021-1026. 

Carbon-13 olefinic carbons were observed at 400 MHz. The carbon-13 spectrum clearly demonstrates the formation of positional CLA isomers. As pure standards were not available, it was not possible to unequivocally assign the spectra of 8,10- or 11,13- CLA, but it is clear that these isomers are predominantly cis-, tram-or tram-, cw-fatty compounds. 

The solubility of a given fatty acid in a mixture could be approximated to its solubility in the pure state however, intersolubUization could occur and may also form mixed crystals at temperatures that do not permit precipitation of a particular acid (62). The removal of high melting fully saturated fatty compounds is comparatively easy when more unsaturated compounds are present however, this is not always possible for natural mixtures of fatty acids. Retention of liquid phase in... 

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