Phenols sulfonation

Phenol sulfonic acid (determination of nitrogen as nitrate water analysis for nitrate) dissolve 25 g pure, white phenol in 150 mL of pure concentrated H2SO4, add 75 mL of fuming H2SO4 (15% SO3), stir well and heat for two hours at 100°C. 

The second stage of this process consists of nitration of the phenol sulfonic acids with coned nitric acid. The overall process is represented dia-gramatically as ... 

Figure 10. 1H-NMR data of para-substituted phenol/sulfone mixtures fitted by Hammett equation.

Scheme 49) [148], Recently, it has been demonstrated that phenolic sulfonate esters used as photoacid generators cleave into radical fragments the resulting phenoxyl radical has been detected by transient optical absorption [149], Similar photochemical rearrangements have been reported in pyrymidinic systems [150], An example is shown in Scheme 50 [151]. 

Bromine can replace sulfonic acid groups on aromatic rings that also contain activating groups. Phenolic sulfonic acids, for example, are polybrominated (24). 

T. R. E. Kressman (69) performed similar tests at a homogeneous gel membrane of the phenol sulfonic acid type and KC1 solutions. In the range of a+= 10-3-3 and += 0.1 the slope was found to be approx, equal to the theoretical slope, which corresponds with a potential change of 58 mV at a change in activity with a factor of 10. U. Schindewolf and K. F. Bonhoeffer (141), who likewise investigated a phenol sulfonic acid membrane, found results analogous to those of Kressman. 

R. ScHLOGL and U. Schodel 146) have supplied another proof for the usability of the Nemst-Planck flux equations combined with the M.S.T. model, also for the case that an electric current flows through an ion-selective membrane. They determined the concentration profiles of the mobile ions for the case of a cation selective membrane on the basis of phenol sulfonic acid and NaCl solutions, under application of an electric current. 

Similar results were obtained by G. Manecke (90) with cation exchange membranes on a phenol sulfonic acid basis and styrene sulfonic acid basis. 

The replacement of the sulfonic acid group by halogen is governed largely oy groups already present on the nucleus. When there is no other group, as in benzenesulfonic acid, the replacement does not take place. The reaction occurs readily with phenolic sulfonic acids and is... 

Cesium Separation. Cesium will be removed from the waste super-nate by sorption on a phenol-sulfonic ion exchange resin such as Duolite (Diamond Shamrock Chemical Co.) ARC 359, as shown in Figure 3. This flowsheet is a modification of one currently being used by ARHCO at Hanford (3), Cesium will be absorbed on the two columns in tandem until breakthrough from the first column exceeds a predetermined level, after which the column will be washed with water (not shown in the diagram) and eluted with a mixture of ammonium carbonate and ammonium hydroxide. Breakthrough will be detected by a gamma ray monitor on the line between the two columns. 

Curing Catalysts. If resol is heated to a high temperature, it can be cured without catalyst but in order to make curing it at an ambient temperature (room temperature), an acidic catalyst must be used. Both organic acid and inorganic acid catalysts can be used. Inorganic acids used include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid, whUe benzene sulfonic acid, toluene sulfonic acid, and phenol sulfonic acid, are organic acids used. 

Fenthion is very highly toxic to birds. The use of fenthion for control of mosquitos has been implicated in several bird kills, including recent incidents on Marco Island, Florida. The major metabolites, fenthion phenol sulfoxide and fenthion phenol sulfone, have very low toxicity to birds. 

The complex batch reaction between formaldehyde, A, and sodium p-phenol sulfonate, B, proceeds in accordance with the following complex reaction scheme. All the reactions follow second-order kinetics. Components C, D and F are intermediates, and E is the final product. 

Hydresol . [BASF AG] Naphthalene sulfonic or phenol-sulfonic adds/form-aldehyde condensates plasticizers for mine binders, for inqnovhig woik-ability of mine -bond mortar and concrete. 

PSA. [Hatt CSietiL Ud.] Phenol sulfonic acid electrolyte ftv tin plating catalyst fta resins. 

It is advisable, particularly for introduction of several nitro groups, to start from phenol-sulfonic acids and to exchange their sulfo groups for nitro groups (see page 546). It is also possible to replace the chlorine of chloronitrobenzenes by a hydroxyl group by means of boiling aqueous alkali. 

At VirginiaTech, 3,3 -disulfonate, 4,4 -dichlorodiphenylsulfone co-monomers with varying degrees of sulfonation were prepared from commercially available monomers. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was conducted on selected polymeric films to investigate the level of sulfonation. The NMR results showed that the sulfonation levels could be quantified very accurately. The water uptake of bi-phenol sulfone (BPSH) films increased with an increase in the degree of sulfonation. The membrane samples drawn from BPSH40 with 20, 30 and 40 K molecular... 

PSA. [Hart Chem. Ltd.] Phenol sulfonic acitk dectrolytefw tin plating catalyst for resins. 

Phenolic compounds sulfonate very easily. Phenol reacts to the extent of 94 per cent when heated with an equimolar quantity of concentrated acid for 2 hr at 100 C. The cresols react less completely with considerable variation in isomers. These phenolic sulfonates find application for preparing tanning agents and ion-exchange resins. Chlorinated phenols are sulfonated in the preparation of dye intermediates. ... 

It )(vill be noted that increased ring methylation generally lowers the desulfonation temperature for both hydrocarbon and phenolic sulfonates. It will also be seen that isomeric compounds react at different temperatures. 

Methyl phenate—Anisol—CjHt,OCH>—isacolorless, thin liquid, boils at 162° (305°.6 P.) without decomposition. Sulfuric acid dissolves it, with formation of methyl-phenol sulfonic acid. 

Ortho-phenol sulfonic acid—Sozolic acid—Aseptol—C H4,OH, SO3H—which is prepared by the action of cold concentrated H3SO4 upon phenol. It is a reddish, syrupy liquid, soluble in H3O in all proportions, has a faint and not disagreeable odor. It pre-... 

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