Subcutaneous fat

Impaired wound healing, thin fragile skin, petechiae, ecchymoses, erythema, increased sweating, suppression of skin test reactions, subcutaneous fat atrophy purpura, striae, hyperpig mentation, hirsutism, acneiform eruptions, urticaria, angioneurotic edema... 

Carbuncles share all the characteristics of furuncles. However, a carbuncle is larger and involves several adjacent follicles and may extend into the subcutaneous fat. Carbuncles are most common in diabetics and tend to from on the neck and back. 

A pressure sore is a chronic wound that results from continuous pressure on the tissue overlying a bony prominence. This pressure impedes blood flow to the dermis and subcutaneous fat, resulting in tissue damage and necrosis.37,38... 

Injection site reactions Enfuvirtide Onset first new doses symptoms pain, pruritus, erythema, ecchymosis, warmth, nodules, rarely injection site infection All patients Educate regarding use of sterile technique, solution at room temperature, rotation of injection sites, avoidance of sites with little subcutaneous fat or existing reactions Massaging the area vigorously before and after injection may reduce pain wear loose clothing around injection site areas take warm shower or bath prior to injection Rarely, warm compact or analgesics may be necessary... 

Physical examination of the musculoskeletal system (e.g., biceps, triceps, quadriceps, temporalis, deltoid, and interosseus muscles) for loss of muscle mass, and examination of the skin and mucous membranes for abnormalities (e.g., noting dry or flaky skin, bruising, edema, ascites, poorly healing wounds) and loss of subcutaneous fat... 

Arteries entering the skin arise from more substantial vessels located in the subcutaneous connective tissue. These offshoots form a plexus just beneath the dermis [11]. Branches from this subcutaneous network directly supply blood to the hair follicles, the glandular appendages, and the subcutaneous fat. Branches to the upper skin from this deep plexus divide again within... 

The negative role of pesticides in mammal life became clear several decades ago. OCP concentrations in the subcutaneous fat of seals (Pusa balded) from the Baltic Sea reached 300 mg/kg. Marine mammals living in the median latitudes of the northern hemisphere are more contaminated by DDT than animals of the southern hemisphere because of industrial development [6]. 

Adelie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae, Antarctic Ocean, 1980-82, subcutaneous fat c/s-Chlordane 0.9 LW 4... 

Residues were highest in abdominal and subcutaneous fat (235 mg/kg FW), followed by heart and spleen (75-91 mg/kg), then liver, brain, and blood (25-44 mg/kg) (Nomeirand Hajjar 1987)... 

No detectable residues in milk and tissues, except liver (0.01 mg/kg FW) liver residues remained detectable after a 7-day withdrawal period No detectable residues in milk and tissues, except liver (0.08 mg/kg FW) liver residues remained detectable after a 7-day withdrawal period Liver residue of 0.54 mg/kg FW remained elevated after a 7-day withdrawal period residues in milk reached 0.013 mg/L within the first few days of feeding and declined to nondetectable (ND) levels after a 4-day withdrawal period No detectable residues in any tissue. Tb 1/2 of 4-5 days in manure manure gave >95% control of larvae of the face fly, Musca autumnalis No detectable residues in any tissue except omental fat (0.1 mg/kg FW). No houseflies (Musca domestica) or face flies developed in manure No detectable diflubenzuron residues in heart, muscle, or kidney 130 pg/kg FW in liver about 250 pg/kg FW in subcutaneous fat... 

No effect on weight gain, serum testosterone at age 11 months, libido, sperm mobility, semen volume, and sperm concentration. No histopathology of liver, lung, kidney, or spleen. No tissue residues — except for one bull slaughtered at age 5 months <20 pg/kg FW in muscle, 20 in liver and kidney, 40 in subcutaneous fat, and 80 in renal and omental fat... 

Famphur residues of 1 to 3 mg/kg fresh weight (FW) are common in cattle tissues after normal pour-on applications of the chemical (Annand et al. 1976). The half-time persistence of famphur in subcutaneous fat of cattle after a single pour-on application was 0.9 days and was independent of dose within the range of 25 to 150 mg/kg BW or initial tissue residues between 1.8 and 12.3 mg/kg FW fat residues were <0.08 mg/kg FW 5 days after treatment and <0.01 mg/kg FW after 11 days. These observations suggest that famphur tissue residues are near or below detection levels within 1 week after treatment, even with gross misuse of the chemical (Annand et al. 1976). However, because famphur persists on cattle hair for >90 days at concentrations >1000 mg/kg, this has serious implications for local populations of birds (Henny et al. 1985). 

After 24 h, mean residue of famphur in subcutaneous fat was 1.8 mg/kg FW, maximum was 2.46 mg/kg FW 87% effective in controlling cattle grubs in calves 100% effective in cows and steers... 

Famphur is administered to livestock by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, through the diet, as a dermal pour-on, or as an oral bolus. In mammals, famphur induced mortality at concentrations as low as 11.6 mg/kg BW in intraperitoneal injection (mouse), 27 mg/kg BW in a single oral exposure (mouse), >33.3 mg/kg BW in an intramuscular injection (Brahman cattle, Bos indicus), and 400 mg/kg BW in a dermal application (rat, Rattus sp.). Latent effects of famphur exposure were reported in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) hinds 1 year posttreatment (altered blood chemistry). Famphur is rapidly metabolized by mammals. The half-time persistence of famphur and famoxon in subcutaneous fat of cattle after a single pour-on application is 0.9 days and is independent of dose between 25 and 150 mg/kg BW or initial tissue residues between 1.8 and 2.3 mg/kg BW. 

Mirex residues in 20 great homed owls (Bubo virginianus) found dead or dying in New York state in 1980 to 1982 contained concentrations of mirex and PCBs higher than those reported for great homed owls elsewhere (Stone and Okoniewski 1983). Owls in poor flesh contained higher residues than those in good flesh these values were 6.3 mg/kg FW vs. 0.07 mg/kg FW for brain, and 5.6 mg/kg FW vs. 0.1 mg/kg FW for liver (Stone and Okoniewski 1983). Waterfowl collected from upstate New York between 1979 and 1982 had about 0.07 mg mirex/kg FW breast muscle and 0.28 mg/kg FW subcutaneous fat (Kim et al. 1984, 1985). 

Stage 2 A stage 2 sore may also be reversible it extends through the dermis to the subcutaneous fat along with extensive undermining. 

Measurements of skinfold thickness estimate subcutaneous fat, midarm muscle circumference estimates skeletal muscle mass, and waist circumference estimates abdominal fat content. 

Dosing techniques, such as intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, and intra-peritoneal administration, can be used for the ferret. Care needs to be taken, however, when administering lipophilic compounds by the subcutaneous or intradermal routs, to avoid inadvertently injecting compounds into the ferret s thick layer of subcutaneous fat, which can result in poor absorption (Moody et al., 1985). 

Absorption Across the Skin. An aqueous carrier may be used for a variety of dermal products. In fact, carriers can be designed to limit the transportation of the penetration of the active ingredient (such as an insect repellent), if the desired effect is to keep the activity on the surface of the skin. Once again, however, only those materials that are dissolved will be available for penetration across the skin to gain access to the systemic circulation. For almost all chemicals in or about to enter commerce, dermal penetration is a passive process. The relative thickness of the skin makes absorption (into the systemic circulation) slower than the absorption across the GI or pulmonary barriers. This is compounded by the fact that the stratum comeum ftmction is to be impervious to the environment. One of the skin s major functions is protection from infection. Once a chemical penetrates into the dermis, it may partition into the subcutaneous fat. Essentially, absorption across the skin is a two-step process with the first being penetration and deposition into the skin and the second being release from the skin into the systemic circulation. The pattern of blood levels obtained via dermal penetration is generally one with a delayed... 

The subcutaneous fat layer acts mainly as a heat insulator and a mechanical cushion and stores readily available high-energy chemicals. 

After excision, the skin should quickly be freed from subcutaneous fat and stored deep frozen at — 20°C to — 30°C in tightly sealed plastic bags. It may then be stored for up to several months without impairing barrier function, provided that repeated thawing and freezing is avoided [77-79],... 

For most parts of the body a layer of subcutaneous fat (with a thickness of several millimetres to centimetres) is situated between the skin and the muscles. The muscles are arranged around the bones where the tendons insert. 

Compared to lipids in the subcutaneous fat layer and in the bone marrow (TiR O.S s), musculature shows a clearly slower longitudinal relaxation (Ti 1.0 s). For this reason, musculature has lost more signal intensity than fat in Ty weighted images, when compared with proton density weighting (Fig. 5a... 

The assumption of a characteristic line pattern for lipids is justified by the fact that IMCL, EMCL, and other adipose tissue in subcutaneous fat tissue or in tibial bone marrow are known to consist mainly of a very similar composition of fatty acid triglycerides. The characteristic line pattern A is indirectly determined by recording a reference lipid spectrum (R) out of a lipid compartment with a relatively homogenous magnetic field described by a normal distribution, i.e., a Gaussian function G. That means R can be written as... 

Figure 32 shows a transverse Ti-weighted image of the AGL patient (Fig. 32a) and the corresponding fat selective image (Fig. 32b), demonstrating the missing subcutaneous fat as well as fatty septa between the muscle fibre bundles. 

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