Styrene sulfate

PPX-PPF copolymer of p-xylylene and p-xylylenecarboxylic acid pentaflu-orophenol ester PS polystyrene PSA prostate-specific antigen PSS poly(styrene sulfate)... 

PPy/nylon 6,6 granules can adsorb humic acid from aqueous solutions [80]. Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) can be enriched by PPy/melanine or PPy/poly(styrene-sulfate) composites [81]. 

Works pertaining to studying the formation and properties of protein-like behavior included copolymers made by copolymerizing NIPAAm with hydrophilic monomers, including, methacrylic acid (MAA), acrylic acid (AA), and sodium styrene sulfate (NaSS). Inter- and intramolecular association was observed that was governed by the interplay between the solubility of the hydrophilic units and temperature-dependent solubility of NIPAAm. In most instances, the monomer sequence distribution in the resultant copolymer was not measured the presence of blockiness was inferred indirectly. 

Double hydrophilic block copolymers, RB-3 and RB-4 have been prepared directly in aqueous media by using a dithioester-capped poly(4-styrene sulfate) or a dithioester-capped poly[(p-vinylbenzyl) trimethylammonium chloride] as the macrochain transfer agent in the successive RAFT polymerization of the second monomer [47]. The block copolymer, RB-5 was prepared using seeded emulsion polymerization via the RAFT mechanism. First, seeded particles consisting of PBA dormant chains were obtained by using active xanthate agent, [l-(0-ethylxanthyl)-ethyl]benzene, under bath and starved-feed... 

In a series of experiments at 60 C, the rate of polymerization of styrene agitated in water containing persulfate initiator was measuredt for different concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate emulsifier. The following results were obtained ... 

Rhenium oxides have been studied as catalyst materials in oxidation reactions of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide, sulfite to sulfate, and nitrite to nitrate. There has been no commercial development in this area. These compounds have also been used as catalysts for reductions, but appear not to have exceptional properties. Rhenium sulfide catalysts have been used for hydrogenations of organic compounds, including benzene and styrene, and for dehydrogenation of alcohols to give aldehydes (qv) and ketones (qv). The significant property of these catalyst systems is that they are not poisoned by sulfur compounds. 

Oiganometallic usage is shown in the piepaiation of titanium- oi vanadium-containing catalysts foi the polymerisation of styrene or butadiene by the reaction of dimethyl sulfate with the metal chloride (145). Free-radical activity is proposed for the quaternary product from dimethylaruline and dimethyl sulfate and for the product from l,l,4,4-tetramethyl-2-tetra2ene and dimethyl sulfate (146,147). 

A solution of 21 g (0.15 mole) of perbenzoic acid (Chapter 17, Section II) in 250 ml of chloroform is prepared in a 500-ml round-bottom flask. Styrene (15 g, 0.145 mole) is added, and the solution is maintained at 0° for 24 hours with frequent shaking during the first hour. At the end of the reaction period, only the slight excess of perbenzoic acid remains. The benzoic acid is extracted from the reaction mixture by washing several times with 10% sodium hydroxide solution. The solution is then washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Fractional distillation gives 24-26 g (69-75%) of 1,2-epoxyethylbenzene, bp 101 /40 mm. 

Radical copolymerization is used in the manufacturing of random copolymers of acrylamide with vinyl monomers. Anionic copolymers are obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide with acrylic, methacrylic, maleic, fu-maric, styrenesulfonic, 2-acrylamide-2-methylpro-panesulfonic acids and its salts, etc., as well as by hydrolysis and sulfomethylation of polyacrylamide Cationic copolymers are obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide with jV-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylates and methacrylates, l,2-dimethyl-5-vinylpyridinum sulfate, etc. or by postreactions of polyacrylamide (the Mannich reaction and Hofmann degradation). Nonionic copolymers are obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide with acrylates, methacrylates, styrene derivatives, acrylonitrile, etc. Copolymerization methods are the same as the polymerization of acrylamide. 

The polymerization reaction is conducted at the desired temperature with a slow stirring regime for a certain period. A typical recipe for the emulsion polymerization of styrene is exemplified in Table 1 [40]. As seen here, potassium persulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfate were used as the initiator and the stabilizer, respectively. This recipe provides uniform polystyrene particles 0.22 /Lim in size. 

Kondo maintained his interest in this area, and with his collaborators [62] he recently made detailed investigations on the polymerization and preparation of methyl-4-vinylphenyl-sulfonium bis-(methoxycarbonyl) meth-ylide (Scheme 27) as a new kind of stable vinyl monomer containing the sulfonium ylide structure. It was prepared by heating a solution of 4-methylthiostyrene, dimethyl-diazomalonate, and /-butyl catechol in chlorobenzene at 90°C for 10 h in the presence of anhydride cupric sulfate, and Scheme 27 was polymerized by using a, a -azobisi-sobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator and dimethylsulf-oxide as the solvent at 60°C. The structure of the polymer was confirmed by IR and NMR spectra and elemental analysis. In addition, this monomeric ylide was copolymerized with vinyl monomers such as methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene. 

Water is extensively used to produce emulsion polymers with a sodium stearate emulsifrer. The emulsion concentration should allow micelles of large surface areas to form. The micelles absorb the monomer molecules activated by an initiator (such as a sulfate ion radical 80 4 ). X-ray and light scattering techniques show that the micelles start to increase in size by absorbing the macromolecules. For example, in the free radical polymerization of styrene, the micelles increased to 250 times their original size. 

Sodium dodecyl sulfate micelle 71,72,77,79 Spin label 139 Starch 100, 104 —, crosslinked 106 —, graft polymers 105, 107, 125, 127 Styrene 160—162 Styrene-divinylbenzene resins 167 Styrenesulfonic acid, copolymers 74—76 Surface area 147... 

Alcohol sulfates and alcohol ether sulfates separated by HPLC on a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer column with 4 1 (v/v) methanol and 0.05 M ammonium acetate aqueous solution as the mobile phase were analyzed by simultaneous inductively coupled argon plasma vacuum emission spectroscopy (IPC), monitoring the 180.7-nm sulfur line as a sulfur-specific detector [294]. This method was applied to the analysis of these surfactants in untreated wastewaters. 

Vaterite is thermodynamically most unstable in the three crystal structures. Vaterite, however, is expected to be used in various purposes, because it has some features such as high specific surface area, high solubility, high dispersion, and small specific gravity compared with the other two crystal systems. Spherical vaterite crystals have already been reported in the presence of divalent cations [33], a surfactant [bis(2-ethylhexyl)sodium sulfate (AOT)] [32], poly(styrene-sulfonate) [34], poly(vinylalcohol) [13], and double-hydrophilic block copolymers [31]. The control of the particle size of spherical vaterite should be important for application as pigments, fillers and dentifrice. 

The addition of a cation to an olefin to produce a carbonium ion or ion pair need not end there but may go through many cycles of olefin addition before the chain is eventually terminated by neutralization of the end carbonium ion. Simple addition to the double bond is essentially the same reaction stopped at the end of the first cycle. The addition of mineral acids to produce alkyl halides or sulfates, for example, may be prolonged into a polymerization reaction. However, simple addition or dimerization is the usual result with olefins and hydrogen acids. The polymerization which occurs with a-methyl-styrene and sulfuric acid or styrene and hydrochloric acid at low temperatures in polar solvents is exceptional.291 Polymerization may also be initiated by a carbonium ion formed by the dissociation of an alkyl halide as in the reaction of octyl vinyl ether with trityl chloride in ionizing solvents.292... 

Interesting observations are made, if a polymeric adsorbate is capable of more than one mechanism of adsorption. If poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) is adsorbed on carbon black which contains multivalent cations on its surface, the adsorption depends strongly on the nature of the cations and on pH, with a maximum near pH 7. At very alkaline pH s, the OH ions compete with the sulfates for the cations and the PSS adsorption drops to the low values of hydrophobic bonding between the carbon itself and the PSS backbone. The latter low values are also obtained, if PSS is adsorbed on the same carbon after purification, i.e. when oxygen and/or the cations were removed. This adsorption of PSS is now pH independent (29). 

Since the hydrophobicity of styrene- or alkyl methacrylate-based monolithic matrices is too high to make them useful for hydrophobic interaction chromatography, porous monoliths based on highly hydrophilic copolymers of acrylamide and methylenebisacrylamide were developed [70,135]. The hydrophobicity of the matrix required for the successful separations of proteins is controlled by the addition of butyl methacrylate to the polymerization mixture. The suitability of this rigid hydrophilic monolith for the separation of protein mixtures is demonstrated in Fig. 21, which shows the rapid separation of five proteins in less than 3 min using a steeply decreasing concentration gradient of ammonium sulfate. 

Propynol, Mercury(II) sulfate, Sulfuric acid, Water, 4479 Styrene, Air, Polymerising styrene, 2945 Styrene, Butyllithium, 2945 Styrene, Dibenzoyl peroxide, 2945 Styrene, Initiators, 2945 f Tetrafluoroethylene, 0628... 

The sulfate ion radical then initiates polymerization, here with a styrene monomer eventually forming a PS oligomer radical and eventually a PS radical. 

Insoluble polystyrene crosslinked with divinylbenzene can easily be converted by sulfonation to a usable ion exchanger. For this purpose a mixture of 0.2 g of silver sulfate and 150 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid are heated to 80-90 °C in a 500 ml threenecked flask fitted with stirrer, reflux condenser, and thermometer. 20 g of a bead polymer of styrene and divinylbenzene (see Example 3-41) are then introduced with stirring the temperature climbs spontaneously to 100-105 °C.The mixture is maintained at 100 C for 3 h,then cooled to room temperature and allowed to stand for some hours. Next the contents of the flask are poured into a 11 conical flask that contains about 500 ml of 50% sulfuric acid. After cooling, the mixture is diluted with distilled water, and the gold-brown colored beads are filtered off on a sintered glass filter and washed copiously with water. 

---