Sterol esters plants

Plat J and Mensink RP. 2005. Plant stand and sterol esters in the control of blood cholesterol levels mechanism and safety aspects. Am J Cardiol 96(1) 15D-22D. 

Sterols are minor constituents of most fats. Those of animal origin contain cholesterol and traces of other sterols, whereas plants contain phytosterols, of which p-sitosterol is the most common. Sterols occur in the free form or, after esterification to fatty acids through the 3-OH group, as steryl esters. The presence of sterols in archaeological residues can be a useful indicator of a plant or animal origin or an indicator of both if cholesterol and phytosterols are detected in the same sample. That noted, cholesterol is a potential contaminant of all archaeological samples subjected to handling. 

Separations of plant sterols and related sterol esters... 

Acetogenins. Consistent with expectations based on the nature of the cotton plant, a number of fatty acids and related compounds have been characterized as components. Table I lists those which have been reported and which contain at least twelve carbon atoms in the linear chain. Much of such material is found in the seeds and in the waxes of the leaves and much is tied up as glyceride or as sterol ester W. Of these fatty acids, palmitic... 

Plant sterols Commercially available margarines containing hydrogenated plant sterols and sterol esters (predominantly sitostanol esters), when used in place of regular margarine, can reduce LDL plasma cholesterol concentrations. The mechanism by which these compounds lower LDL cholesterol concentrations is to inhibit intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol and cholesterol secreted into the bile. 

Hallikainen, M.A., Sarkkinen, E.S., Gylling, H., Erkkila, A.T., and Uusitupa, MX 2000. Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 54, 715-725. 

Lin, Y., Meijer, G.W., Vermeer, M.A., and Trautwein, E.A. 2004. Soy protein enhances the cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterol esters in cholesterol-fed hamsters. J. Nutr. 134, 143-148. 

Mattson, F.H., Volpenhein, R.A., and Erickson, B.A. 1977. Effect of plant sterol esters on the absorption of dietary cholesterol. J. Nutr. 107, 1139-1146. 

Normen, L., Dutta, P., Lia, A., and Andersson, H. 2000. Soy sterol esters and beta-sitostanol ester as inhibitors of cholesterol absorption in human small bowel. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 908-913. Normen, L., Brants, H. A. M., Voorrips, L.E., Andersson, H.A., van den Brandt, P.A., and Gold-bohm, R.A. 2001. Plant sterol intakes and colorectal cancer risk in the Netherlands cohort study on diet and cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 74, 141-148. 

O Neill, F.H., Sanders, T. A. B., and Thompson, G.R. 2005. Comparison of efficacy of plant stanol ester and sterol ester Short-term and longer-term studies. Am. J. Cardiol. 96(Suppl.), 29D-36D. Oakenfull, D.G. 1986. Aggregation of saponins and bile acids in aqueous solution. Aust. J. Chem. 39, 1671-1683. 

Louter, A.J.H., Bauer-Plank, C.G., Duchateau, S.M.J.E. 2002. Analysis of plant sterol esters as functional food ingredients. Lipid Technol. 14, 87-90. 

Labeling Label as Vegetable Oil (Plant) Sterol Esters to indicate that the vegetable oil sterols and the fatty acids originate from vegetable oils. Declare the presence of any preservative, antioxidant, or other added substance. 

Paraffin followed by candelilla wax and microcrystalline waxes, and eventually by beeswax, are considered as the most effective moisture barriers derived from edible waxes (Morillon et al. 2002). There is no satisfactory chemical definition for the term wax which is used for a variety of products of mineral, botanical and animal origin that contain various kinds of fatty materials (Table 23.4). The term resins or lacs can also be used for plant or insect secretions that take place along resins ducts, often in response to injury or infection, and result in more acidic substances (Hernandez 1994). However, all waxes tend to contain wax esters as major components, that is, esters of long-chain fatty alcohols with long chain fatty acids. Depending on their source, they may additionally include hydrocarbons, sterol esters, aliphatic aldehydes, primary and secondary alcohols, diols, ketones, triacylglycerols, and so on. 

Note PC = placebo controlled PSE = plant sterol esters PSNE = plant stanol esters CO = cross-over RM = repeated measures SB = single blind. 

Food and Drug Administration, Talk Paper, FDA authorizes new coronary heart disease health claim for plant sterol and plant stanol esters, http // www.fdagov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ANS01033.html. Accessed June 7, 2002. 

Simons, L.A., Additive effect of plant sterol-ester margarine and cerivastatin in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in primary hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Cardiol, 90, 737, 2002. 

Sterol esters in rat livers may sometimes retain a 4a-methyl group.In plants, sterol glycosides are formed via UDP-galactose or UDP-glucose. ... 

Sterol esters, sterol glycosides and acylated sterol glycosides are also widespread in plants [5],... 

Plant sterol and plant stanol esters and heart disease bamboo shoots, nuts, vegetable oils... 

A complex series of reactions including opening of the cyloartenol cyclopropane ring, double bond formation and isomerization, demethylation of ring carbons, and methylation of the side chain result in formation of a number of different plant sterols [24]. Sitosterol is the most common plant sterol (Fig. 7) however, plants normally contain mixtures of sterols whose proportions differ from tissue to tissue. In addition, sterol esters, sterol... 

Chromatography and quantitative evaluation of sterol esters in both plant and animal materials has been of much interest for some time. GC separations of sterol esters necessitate high column temperatures (300-350 C). Kuksis [313] pioneered these separations. A more comprehensive review of this area will be given in a discussion of lipids in one of the following sections. 

Judd, J.T. D.J. Baer S.C. Ghen, B.A. Glevidence R.A. Muesing M. Kramer G.W. Meijer. Plant sterol esters lower plasma lipids and most carotenoids in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults. Lipids 2002,57, 33-42. 

Waxes can be defined as FA esters of alcohols possessing a higher molecular weight. Waxes are chemically stable and insoluble in water and many organic solvents. Due to these properties, waxes are widely distributed in both plants and animals as protective coverings for tissues. Simple waxes are classified as monoesters of normal FA and normal long-chain alcohols. Complex waxes also exist, in which either the FA or alcohol components possess complex structures in their own rights (e.g., vitamin esters or sterol esters, see Section 3.5.1). 

Jones, P.J.H. and Ntanios, F. (1998). Comparable efficacy of hydrogenated versus nonhydro-genated plant sterol esters on circulating cholesterol levels in humans, Nutr. Rev., 56, 245. 

Small amounts of lipids, usually 0.5 to 2.0% (dry weight) are present in the cells of all plant tissues, where they have an essential role in plant metabolism, mainly as constituents of intracellular membranes. Fatty acids (FA) are mostly bound there in polar lipids, such as phospholipids, glycohpids, and mucohpids (Chapter 5), and only their minor part in neutral lipids, such as triacylglycerols (TAG), waxes, or sterol esters (Chapter 3). The chemical stractures and FA compositions are rather similar in all plant families. Plants of some species contain an unusual acid in the seed oil. In such cases, the acid is either absent or present only in traces in other parts of the plant. 

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