Stem cells scaffolds

Stem Cell-Scaffold Constructs for Skin Tissue Engineering... 

Stem cell-scaffold systems Hyaluronan-based 3D scaffolds Mesenchymal stem cells Osteochondral repair Radice et al., 2000... 

Stem Cell-Scaffold Systems. Stem cells, also known as progenitor cells, are pluripotent cells with the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types. The most widely stored stem cell is the mesenchymal stem cell (MSQ derived from bone marrow. In the embryo, these cells give rise to skeletal tissues, including bone, cartilage, tendon, ligament, marrow stroma, adipocytes, dermis, muscle, and connective tissue (Caplan, 1991). 

Figure 8.2 Design parameters for stem cell scaffolding.

Stem Cells Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Scaffolding... 

Nayak, T.R. et al. (2010) Thin films of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as suitable scaffold materialsfor stem cells proliferation andbone formation. ACS Nano, 4 (12), 7717-7725. 

Neuss and coworkers have reported the possibility of SMPs using PCL dimethacrylate copolymers as cellular scaffold for tissue engineering. Behaviors of different cells from three different species (human mesenchymal stem cells, human mesothelial cells, and rat mesothelial cells) on the matrices were investigated, and the differentiation capacity of mesenchymal stem cells on the matrices was also analyzed [329]. The SMPs proved biocompatibility for all tested cell types, supporting viability and proliferation. The SMPs also supported the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells 3 weeks after induction. 

In an attempt to mimic the physiological ratio of collagen type II to hyaluronan in the healthy human NP, Calderon et al. constructed hydrogels scaffolds composed of these two elements in a 9 1 (w/w) ratio [104]. Scaffolds were crosslinked with various concentrations of EDC/NHS, but it was found that 8 mM EDC/NHS resulted in a confined compressive modulus on the order of the native NP, while allowing for optimal rat mesenchymal stem cell (rMSC) viability and proliferation. Additionally, real time PCR results from rMSCs seeded on the scaffolds for 21 days indicated that the scaffolds promoted increased aggrecan expression and inhibited collagen type I expression compared to rMSCs cultured on monolayers. 

Fig. 4 Insert Representative macroscopic image of an APNP hydrogel scaffold seeded with human adipose-derived stem cells following 7 days of culture in a 12-well plate. Graph Osmotic swelling pressure profile of APNP hydrogel scaffolds (green-squares) compared to human NP (orange-triangles and red-diamonds) values found in the literature [28]...

Future studies in this field should focus on better understanding the biology of NP cells, the functional interactions between IVD components, and the pathobiol-ogy of the IDD process in humans, so that early non-surgical interventions can be tested. Use of adult stem cells pre-differentiated under physiologically relevant conditions on 3D scaffolds prior to implantation by minimally invasive procedures may prove most advantageous. 

Levenberg S, Huang NF, Lavik E, Rogers AB, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Langer R (2003) Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells on three-dimensional polymer scaffolds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 12741-12746. 

Yilgor, P., Sousa, R.A., Reis, R.L., Hasirci, N. and Hasird, V. (2008) 3D plotted PCL scaffolds for stem cell based bone tissue engineering. Macromolecular Symposia, 269, 92-99. 

Lyons, F. G., Al-Munajjed, A. A., Kieran, S. M., Toner, M. E., Murphy, . M., Duffy, G. P., and O Brien, F. J. (2010). The healing of bony defects by cell-free collagen-based scaffolds compared to stem cell-seeded tissue engineered constructs. Biomaterials 31, 9232-9245. 

Park, K.I., Teng, Y.D., Snyder, E.Y. (2002). The injured brain interacts reciprocally with neural stem cells supported by scaffolds to reconstitute lost tissue. Nat Biotechnol, 20, 1111-7. 

Raman spectroscopy can be used for live, in situ, temporal studies on the development of bone-like mineral (bone nodules) in vitro in response to a variety of biomaterials/scaffolds, growth factors, hormones, environmental conditions (e.g. oxygen pressure, substrate stiffness) and from a variety of cell sources (e.g. stem cells, FOBs or adult osteoblasts). Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy enables a detailed biochemical comparison between the TE bone-like nodules formed and native bone tissue. Bone formation by osteoblasts (OB) is a dynamic process, involving the differentiation of progenitor cells, ECM production, mineralisation and subsequent tissue remodelling. 

BC is a good material not only for wound treatment and other fields of veterinary medicine, but also as a scaffold material for cell cultivation in tissue engineering [156,157]. On such scaffolds the fzmb has cultivated the following cell types successfully human osteoblasts, human osteogenic sarcoma cells (SAOS-2), equine osteoblast lines and chondrocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells. 

Kim, H.J., Kim, U.J., Vunjak-Novakovic, G., Min, B.H., and Kaplan, D.L. "Influence of macro-porous protein scaffolds on bone tissue engineering from bone marrow stem cells". Biomaterials 26(21), 4442-4452 (2005a). 

Meinel, L., Hofmann, S., Karageorgiou, V., Zichner, L., Langer, R., Kaplan, D., and Vunjak-Novakovic, G. "Engineering cartilage-like tissue using human mesenchymal stem cells and silk protein scaffolds". Biotechnol. Bioeng. 88(3), 379-391 (2004a). 

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