Neuronal stem cells

Doetsch F, Petrenu 1, CaiUe I, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-BuyUa A (2002) EGF converts transit-amplifying neurogenic precursors in the adult brain into multipotent stem cells. Neuron 36 1021-1034. 

Teo BKK, Tan G-DS, Yim EKF. The synergistic effect of nanotopography and sustained dual release of hydrophobic and hydrophilic neurotrophic fadors on human mesenchymal stem cell neuronal lineage commitment. Tissue Eng A 2014 20(15—16) 2151-61. 

Chen, C.S., Soni, S., Le, C., Biasca, M., Farr, E., Chen, Y.E.T., Chin, W.C., 2012. Human stem cell neuronal differentiation on silk-carbon nanotube composite. Nanoscale Research Letters 7, 126. 

Cellular therapies in transplantation and cancer are based on specific cells separated or sorted from human blood, bone marrow, or cord blood by means of their specific cell surface markers or cell differentiation antigens, e.g., CD3, CD4, CD8, CD 14, CD 19, and CD34. For example, the CD34+ stem cells, especially those derived from human embryos, have the capacity to differentiate in culture to generate different somatic cells, e.g., liver cells, heart cells, neurons, etc. This exploding field of research is now termed regenerative medicine. 

To circumvent this problem, vectors that are based on lentiviruses have been developed. In contrast to prototypic retroviruses, lentiviruses do not require cell division for integration. Gene-therapy vectors have been developed from a broad spectrum of lentiviruses including human immunodeficiency vims (HIV), simian and feline immunodeficiency vims as well as visna/maedi vims. The most widely used lentiviral vector system is based on HIV-1. These vectors can efficiently transduce a broad spectrum of dividing and nondividing cells including neurons, hepatocytes, muscle cells, and hematopoietic stem cells [1,2]. 

Extrahypothalamic OX-B-like immunoreactivity, reminiscent to that of CRF, has been described in clustered GABAergic neuronal populations, in the lateral division of central nucleus ofthe amygdala, the bednucleus of the stria terminalis, and in the hippocampus. Moreover, ectopic expression of preproorexin mRNA in the gut, ependymal cells, neuroblastomas, and of orexin receptors in adrenal gland, cancer and hematopietic stem cells suggests yet unexplored roles of orexins as paracrine factors controlling blood-brain barrier, and tumor or stem cell function. 

Thored P, Arvidsson A, Cacd E, Ahlenius H, KaUur T, Darsaha V, Ekdahl CT, Kokaia Z, LindvaU O (2006) Persistent production of neurons from adult brain stem cells during recovery after stroke. Stem Cells 24 739-747... 

Reiss K, Mentlein R, Sievers J, Hartmann D (2002) Stromal cell-derived factor 1 is secreted by meningeal cells and acts as chemotactic factor on neuronal stem cells of the cerebellar external granular layer. Neuroscience 115 295-305... 

The chemosensory stem cells give rise to several types of neuronal and non-neuronal cell lines under the influence of multiple organisers. From a ventro-lateral infolding, the olfactory pit is produced and this invagination soon becomes separated into two areas which will produce the main and accessory olfactory neurones [Figs. 4.2(a)-(d)]. 

Raff The ventralizing signals such as Sonic hedgehog that are required for motor neuron development are also required for oligodendrocyte precursors to develop from CNS stem cells, at least in the spinal cord. 

Kwon, Y. 2002. Effect of neurotrophic factors on neuronal stem cell death. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 35(1), 87-93. 

Human embryonic stem cells / Culture as floating aggregratesN. (embryoid bodies), forming / neuroepithelial cells s Culture to form midbrain dopamine neurons ... 

Figure 14.19 Simplified schematic overview of the directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to form differentiated dopamine like neurons. The full pathway details are available in Yan, Y., Yang, D., Zarnowska, E.D., Du, Z., Werbel, B., Valliere, C., etai 2005. Directed differentiation of dopaminergic neuronal subtypes from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 23, 781-790. FGF fibroblast growth factor SHH sonic hedgehog (a regulatory protein)...

The neural tube is a pseudostratified epithelium, with cells extending between the apical and basal surfaces of the epithelial wall. The neuroepithelium contains undifferentiated populations of stem cells and radial glia (see Ch. 29). With time, both of these cell types give rise to the three main lineages for neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. After the final mitotic division, neurons migrate away from the ventricular surface of the neural... 

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