Squamous cell carcinoma treatment

Vitamin D3 (VD3) and retinoids synergistically inhibit the growth and progression of squamous cell carcinomas and actinic keratoses in chronically sun exposed skin. One reason for this synergism may be the direct influence of VD3 on the isomerization and the metabolism of RA. Here, VD3 inhibits the isomerization of 13-cis-RA to the more receptor active all-trans and 9-cis-isomers. Moreover, the VD3 derivative secocholestra-trien-l,3,24-triol (tacalcitol), used for the treatment of severe keratinizing disorders inhibits 4-hydroxylation of all-ri ans-RA. 

ADCC. Cetuximab is approved for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Interestingly, an adverse event, acneiform rash seems to correlate with a better response to cetuximab, while there is no such correlation with expression levels of EGFR assessed by immunohistochemistry. Further side effects are rare infusion reactions and hypomagnesia. Two other anti-EGFR antibodies approved for clinical use are the fully human antibody panitumumab (Vectibix)... 

Treatment of AK is motivated by its potential for progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma and its cosmetic liability and/or discomfort. 

There is a bath PUVA and an oral PUVA. Bath PUVA therapies involve soaking in a bath of psoralens liquid for 15 minutes prior to UVA treatment. Oral PUVA involves taking an oral psoralens capsule the day prior to a UVA treatment. Oral psoralens such as methoxsalen cause nausea in many patients. Other adverse effects of PUVA include photosensitivity, which necessitates the use of eye protection and UVA-blocking sunscreen for 24 hours after a PUVA treatment macular melanosis at exposed sites (PUVA lentigines) and increased risk of skin cancers, especially squamous cell carcinoma.21... 

Kubler AC, de Carpentier J, Hopper C, Leonard AG, Putnam G (2001) Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the lip using Foscan-mediated photodynamic therapy. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 30 504-509. 

Bonner, J.A. et al., Cetuximab prolongs survival in patients with locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck a phase III study of high dose radiation therapy with or without cetuximab, Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 22, 489S, Abstr. 5507, 2004. McLaughlin, R et al., Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma half of patients respond to a four-dose treatment program, /. Clin. Oncol., 16, 2825-2833, 1998. 

In a study of carcinogenesis, DBCP was orally administered to rats and mice 5 times/week at maximally tolerated doses and at half those doses. ° As early as 10 weeks after initiation of treatment, there was a high incidence of squamous cell carcinomas of the stomach in both species. In female rats there were also mammary adenocarcinomas. Chronic inhalation resulted in carcinomas of the respiratory tract in mice and multiple site tumors in rats. ... 

In a carcinogenic study, male and female rats were given DMHP by gavage 5 days/week for 103 weeks. At 200mg/kg, there were increases in alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, and carcinomas of the stomach in male rats. Neoplastic lesions did not occur in mice after similar treatments. Species-dependent differences in the metabolism of DMPH were limited to more rapid metabolism and elimination by mice compared with rats. Therefore, the... 

In a lifetime dermal oncogenesis study in mice, 20 mg EHA in acetone was applied 3 times weekly for their lifespan. There were 40 mice in the group at the start of the study. Two animals developed squamous cell carcinomas, and four other animals had squamous cell papillomas. The first tumor was observed after 11 months of treatment. None of the acetone-treated controls developed tumors. There was an apparent increase in the frequency of chronic nephritis in the EHA-treated mice (68% compared with 15% in controls). Treatment with EHA may have exacerbated the onset and development of this condition, which is normally seen in aged mice. 

In addition to in vivo studies in models of CML, BMS-354825 has also been studied in models of solid tumors. BMS-354825 was efficacious in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer animal models [151]. Based on this activity, BMS-354825 has been advanced into clinical trials for the treatment of solid tumors. 

The use of weekly paclitaxel (45 mg/m2) and carboplatin (100 mg/m2) has been reported (135,136). This combination as used to treat 62 patients with stage III and IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck concurrently with radical radiotherapy lead to a clinical complete response rate of 75 % both at the primary and in the neck with a median survival of 33 mo (135). The authors report a retrospective comparison to similar patients treated with concurrent carboplatin alone or concurrent carboplatin and bleomycin and show on multivariate analysis that complete response and treatment with paclitaxel were predictive for survival (136). This result while encouraging is retrospective in nature and is subject to potential bias. 

Pignon JP, Bourhis J, Domenge C, Designe L. Chemotherapy added to locoregional treatment for head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma three meta-analyses of updated individual data. MACH-NC Collaborative Group. Meta-Analysis of Chemotherapy on Head and Neck Cancer. Lancet 2000 ... 

Haffty BG, Son YH, Papac R, et al. Chemotherapy as an adjunct to radiation in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck results of the Yale Mitomycin Randomized Trials. J Clin Oncol 1997 15 268-276. 

Merlano M, Vitale V, Rosso R, et al. Treatment of advanced squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck with alternating chemotherapy and radiotherapy. N Engl J Med 1992 327 1115-1121. 

Merlano M, Benasso M, Corvo R, et al. Five-year update of a randomized trial of alternating radiotherapy and chemotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in treatment of unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996 88 583-589. 

Table 6 shows the results of five randomized studies of chemoradiation vs radiation alone. It is important to note that these studies consisted primarily of squamous cell carcinoma of the midesophagus. No studies have adequately evaluated this approach in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Thus, nonsurgical treatment approaches for adenocarcinoma are extrapolated from data based on trials of squamous cell carcinoma. 

Thigpen T, Shingleton H, Homesley H, et al. Cis-platinum in treatment of advanced or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Cancer 1981 48 899-903. 

Roberts KB, UrdanetaN, VeraR, etal. Interim results of arandomized trial of mitomycin C as an adjunct to radical radiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix. Int J Cancer 2000 90 206-223,... 

Scheistroen M, Trope C. Combined bleomycin and irradiation in preoperative treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Acta Oncol 1992 32 657-661. 

Wahlen S A, Slater JD, Wagner RJ, et al. Concurrentradiation therapy and chemotherapy in the treatment of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Cancer 1995 75 2289-2294. 

Bleomycin, in combination with cisplatin or etopo-side, is important as part of the potentially curative combination chemotherapy of advanced testicular carcinomas. Bleomycin is used in some standard regimens for the treatment of Hodgkin s and non-Hodgkin s lymphomas, and it is useful against squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, cervix, and skin. 

A patient with advanced inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck receives a replication-selective adenovirus on a gene therapy clinical trial. The rationale for the use of this treatment ... 

H.A. Wieder, B.L. Brucher, F. Zimmermann, K. Becker, F. Lordick, A. Beer, M. Schwaiger, U. Fink, J.R. Siewert, H.J. Stein, W.A. Weber, Time course of tumor metabolic activity during chemoradiotherapy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and response to treatment, J. Clin. Oncol. 22(5) (2004) 900-908. 

E. Brun, E. Kjellen, J. Tennvall, T. Ohisson, A. Sandell, R. Perfekt, J. Wennerberg, S. E. Strand, FDG PET studies during treatment Prediction of therapy outcome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 24(2) (2002) 127-135. 

E.K. Rofstad, K. Sundfor, H. Lyng, C.G. Trope, Hypoxia-induced treatment failure in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix is primarily due to hypoxia-induced radiation resistance rather than hypoxia-induced metastasis, Br. J. Cancer 83 (2000) 354-359. 

Mitotic effect. STE, administered to the buccal mucosa of 15 female HMT rats, 6 months of age, weekly for 1 year, produced hyperorthokeratosis, acanthosis, numerous binucleate spinous cells, and subepithelial connective tissue hyalinization. Verrucous carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were not seen. Karyotyping revealed that lymphocytes of tobacco-treated, as well as control rats, had normal chromosome number and morphology. However, approx 25% of buccal epithelial cells of the tobacco-treated rats were tetraploid and 5% octa-ploid, compared with only 11% tetraploid and no octaploid in the controls. Results indicated that the mitotic process could be disturbed by tobacco treatment b Molluscicidal activity. Water extract of the dried leaf, at a concentration of 168 ppm, produced equivocal effect on Lymnaea luteola . 

It is used in the treatment of adenocarcinoma, lymphosarcoma and seminoma. It is also used in squamous cell carcinoma of cervix. 

It is used for the treatment of non small cell lung carcinoma, breast carcinoma, Hodgkin s disease, ovarian carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, cervical squamous cell carcinoma, renal cell cancer and Kaposi s sarcoma. 

Tumor-selective destruction has been observed in squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with chemotherapy plus Onyx-015. But, when the virus was given alone, it produced a clinical response in less than 15% of patients. A multinational team of researchers has shown in a phase II trial of Onyx-015 with chemotherapy that the combined treatment was more effective than either therapy alone in patients with recurrent head and neck cancers [4]. 

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