Synergists inhibition

The effects of cadmium may be modulated by environmental factors, including salinity and the presence of other compounds. The synergistic inhibition of limb regeneration in the hermit crab Uca pugilator caused by combinations of cadmium and methylmerciiry is only evident in water of high salinity. ... 

In the case of ions, the repulsive interaction can be altered to an attractive interaction if an ion of opposite charge is simultaneously adsorbed. In a solution containing inhibitive anions and cations the adsorption of both ions may be enhanced and the inhibitive efficiency greatly increased compared to solutions of the individual ions. Thus, synergistic inhibitive effects occur in such mixtures of anionic and cationic inhibitors . These synergistic effects are particularly well defined in solutions containing halide ions, I. Br , Cl", with other inhibitors such as quaternary ammonium cations , alkyl benzene pyridinium cations , and various types of amines . It seems likely that co-ordinate-bond interactions also play some part in these synergistic effects, particularly in the interaction of the halide ions with the metal surfaces and with some amines . 

Vitamin D3 (VD3) and retinoids synergistically inhibit the growth and progression of squamous cell carcinomas and actinic keratoses in chronically sun exposed skin. One reason for this synergism may be the direct influence of VD3 on the isomerization and the metabolism of RA. Here, VD3 inhibits the isomerization of 13-cis-RA to the more receptor active all-trans and 9-cis-isomers. Moreover, the VD3 derivative secocholestra-trien-l,3,24-triol (tacalcitol), used for the treatment of severe keratinizing disorders inhibits 4-hydroxylation of all-ri ans-RA. 

Apart from nitrite and molybdate, silicate is commonly employed in anodic inhibitor programs, although seldom as the primary inhibitor. Both silicates and molybdates provide benefits of synergistic inhibition and also help to reduce corrosion risks through softer waters and multimetal systems. 

Sato, K., Niki, E. and Shimasaki, H. (1990). Free radical mediated chain oxidation of LDL and its synergistic inhibition by vitamin E and vitamin C. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 279, 402-405. 

MONOD-WYMAN-CHANGEUX MODEL KOSHLAND-NEMETHY-FILMER MODEL SUBSTRATE SYNERGISM SYNERGISTIC INHIBITION Synperiplanar,... 

Fletcher RS, Arion D, Borkow G, Wainberg MA, Dmitrienko GI, Pamiak MA. Synergistic inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase DNA polymerase activity and virus replication in vitro by combinations of carboxanilide nonnucleoside compounds. Biochemistry 1995 34 10106-10112. 

Baba M, Ito M, Shigeta S, Tanaka H, Miyasaka T, Ubasawa M, et al. Synergistic inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by 5-ethyl-l-ethoxymethyl-6-(phenylthio)uracil (E-EPU) and azidothymidine in vitro. Antimocrob Agents Chemother 1991 35 1430-1433. 

Chong K-T, Pagano PJ, Hinshaw RR. Bis(heteroacyl)piperazine reverse transcriptase inhibitor in combination with 3 -azido-3 -deoxythymidine or 2, 3 -dideoxycytidine synergistically inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994 38 288-293. 

Johnson VA, Walker BD, Barlow MA, Paradis TJ, Chou T-C, Hirsch MS. Synergistic inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 replication in vitro by castanospermine and 3 -azido-3 -deoxythymidine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989 33 53-57. 

Nitrite is usually formulated with TTA (yellow metal protection) and borax (to provide a buffered pH of 8.0 or greater). Sometimes nitrite is formulated with benzoate, an anodic inhibitor effective at preventing waterline attack, or silicates or molybdates, to provide synergistic inhibition and to reduce corrosion risks with softer waters and multimetal systems. 

Pignatelli P, Pulcinelli FM, Celestini A, Lenti L, Ghiselli A, Gazzaniga PP, Violi F. 2000. The flavonoids quercetin and catechin synergistically inhibit platelet function by antagonizing the intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide. Am J Clin Nutr 72 1150-1155. 

Siddiqui IA, Malik A, Adhami YM, Asim M, Hafeez BB, Sarfaraz S, Mukhtar H. 2008. Green tea polyphenol EGCG sensitizes human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and synergistically inhibits biomarkers associated with... 

Heredia A, Davis C, Redfield R. 2000. Synergistic inhibition of HIV-1 in activated and resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocyte-derived macrophages, and... 

The cytotoxic effect of curcumin on gastric carcinoma cell lines has been established. In a study curcumin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) synergistically inhibited the growth of gastric carcinoma cells. In another study, curcumin reversed the MDR of a human gastric carcinoma cell line in correlation with a decrease in P-gp function and a promotion of caspase-3 activation [Anand et al., 2008]. 

Lev-Ari S, Strier L, Kazanov D, Madar-Shapiro L, Dvory-Sobol H, Pinchuk I, Marian B, Lichtenberg D, Arber N. 2005. Celecoxib and curcumin synergistically inhibit the growth of colorectal cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 11 6738-6744. 

Oshikawa, K., Shi, F., Rakhmilevich, A.L., Sondel, P.M., Mahvi, D.M. and Yang, N.-S. (1999) Synergistic inhibition of tumor growth in a murine mammary adenocarcinoma model by combinational gene therapy using interleukin-12, pro-interleukin-18 andIL-1 -converting enzyme cDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 13351-13356. 

The Herbal Blend, composed of equal parts by weight of cinnamon bark extract (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), acerola fruit (Malpighia glabra), and Spanish needles powder (Bidens pilosa), was one of the first combination formulas assayed. Surprisingly, it showed synergistic inhibition of histamine release The sum of the inhibition of the three ingredients was 10.2% of control, whereas their combination inhibited histamine release to -52% (i.e., to below the concentration of histamine found in unstimulated cells). 

A series of bioassays was utilized to screen a variety of single and combination botanical compounds for anti-allergy action in vitro. A combination of three ingredients—Herbal Blend—showed apparent synergistic inhibition of histamine. However, in vitro efficacy against allergic mediators does not ensure effectiveness in native disease—that is, in allergy sufferers in daily life. In addition, the commercial... 

Witters LM, et al. Synergistic inhibition of breast cancer cell lines with a dual inhibitor of EGER-HER-2/neu and a Bcl-2 inhibitor. Oncol. Rep. 2007 17 465-469. 

Bowen R, HASLAM RJ. Effects of nibovasodilators on platelet cydic nudeotide levels in rd)bit blood role for cydic AMP in synergistic inhibition of platelet function by SIN-1 and prostaglandin El. JCaidiovasc Pharmacol 17 424-433,1991. 

Maurice DH, HaSLAM RJ. Molecular basis of the synergistic inhibition of platelet function by nihovasodilators and activators of adenylate cyclase inhibition of cyclic AMP breakdown by cyclic GMP. Mol Pharmcolil 671-681,1991. 

Maurice DH, Haslam R. Molecular basis of the synergistic inhibition of platdet function by... 

Levin RL, Weksler BB, Jaffe EA (1982) The intoaction of sodium nitriprusside with human endothelial cells and platelets niboprusside and prostacyclin synergistically inhibit platelet function. Circulation 66 1299-1307. 

Macdonald PS, Read MA, Dusting GJ (1988) Synergistic inhibition of platelet aggr ation by endothelium-derived relaxing factor and prostacyclin Thromb Res 49 437-449. 

Colledge, D., Locarnini, S., Shaw, X Synergistic inhibition of hepad-naviral replication by lamivudine in combination with penciclovir in vitro. Hepatology 1997 26 216-225... 

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