Spills and Leaks

Should the spilled material be flammable, all flames in the vicinity must be extinguished immediately. 

A dust pan and brush should be used for cleaning up broken glass. Leather gloves must be worn when picking up any broken glassware. 

Approved rubber gloves must be used in cleaning up unidentified materials or when there is a possibility of chemical bums. 

Unusual odors in the atmosphere may indicate an unsafe condition. Report such conditions to your supervisor immediately. 

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Even small spills and leaks (<0.45 kg) require extreme caution. Unless the spill is contained in a fume hood, do not remain in or enter the area unless equipped with full protective equipment and clothing. Self-contained breathing apparatus should be used if the odor of acrolein or eye irritation is sensed. Small spills may be covered with absorbant, treated with aqueous alkalies, and flushed with water. 

Spills and leaks should be cleaned up with alkano1 amine-compatible absorbents or sands. Local, state, and federal requirements should be followed for disposal. Incineration in an approved faciUty is suggested for final disposal. 

Causes of Spills and Leaks. There are numerous causes of tank leaks and spills. Some examples, as well as causes for bulk storage and handling faciUties and piping, are noted in Table 6. 

Thermal degradation of isocyanates occurs on heating above 100—120°C. This reaction is exothermic, and a mnaway reaction can occur at temperatures >175° C. In view of the heat sensitivity of isocyanates, it is necessary to melt MDl with caution and to foUow suppHers recommendation. Disposal of empty containers, isocyanate waste materials, and decontamination of spilled isocyanates are best conducted using water or alcohols containing small amounts of ammonia or detergent. Eor example, a mixture of 50% ethanol, 2-propanol, or butanol 45% water, and 5% ammonia can be used to neutrali2e isocyanate waste and spills. Spills and leaks of isocyanates should be contained immediately, ie, by dyking with an absorbent material, such as saw dust. 

Plant or processes or systems of work which minimize generation of, or suppress or contain, the hazardous dust, fume, biological agent etc. and limit the area of contamination in the event of spills and leaks. 

Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) based on acrylic, natural rubber and silicone are employed primarily for ease of application. To name Just a few applications, PSAs bond decals to surfaces, interior decorative surfaces to interior panels, interior trim pieces in place directly or hook and loop tape for the same purpose, structural shims in place during manufacturing and acoustic (sound deadening) materials to body skin interior surfaces. Tape products with pressure-sensitive adhesive on one or both surfaces are used for such functions as cargo compartment sealing, as a fluid barrier to prevent spills and leaks in the lavatories and... 

Tile standard requires tlie preparer to describe tlie precautions for safe handling and use. Tliese include recommended industrial hygiene practices, precautions to be taken during repair and maintenance of equipment, and procedures for cleaning up spills and leaks. Some manufacturers also use Uiis section to include useful itiformation not specifically required by the standard, such as EPA waste disposal tnethods and state atid local requiretnents. 

Prevent and contain spills and leaks by installing drip trays and splash guards around processing equipment. 

Water use in copper sulfate plants is mainly used as contact water, noncontact cooling water, washdowns, and as wash water, where solid copper sulfate product is required. Noncontact water is generated as steam condensate from the evaporators and is used to cool the crystallizers. Contact wastewater comes mainly from washdowns, spills, and leaks. Both types of wastewater contain relatively small quantities of copper sulfides and other heavy metals. 

Design category, in patents, 18 166 Design codes, for tanks, 24 303 Design deficiencies, as a cause of tank spills and leaks, 24 309... 

Leak repair, fired heater, 10 162 Leaks and spills, secondary containment of, 24 311. See also Spills and leaks Leaky Lamb waves, propagating,... 

Tank bottoms, 24 292-296 comparisons of, 24 295t designs for, 24 294 fabrication of, 24 297 Tank facilities, spills and leaks from,... 

The owner or operator must visually inspect the aboveground storage equipment for spills and leaks each operating day. In addition, the owner or operator must check to ensure that drain valves are closed if not in use and there are no unpermitted discharges of contaminated water or hazardous substances. 

Martin, W.H. Risk management of PCB transformers. Pollut. Engng. 1990, March, 74-77. Cheremisinoff, P.N. Spill and leak containment and emergency response. Pollut. Engng. 1989, 21 (13), 42-51. 

Oil s main disadvantage is its effect on the surrounding air, land, water, and wildlife. The extraction of oil from the land and the sea can be messy. On land, large, invasive oil drills can disturb local wildlife and destroy landscapes. Oil from broken pipelines sometimes pollutes the land. Much oil drilling takes place in the oceans, where oil spills and leaks can harm or kill ocean life. The process of extracting oil has prompted many political and environmental arguments. 

Spill Prevention and Detection. It is far better to prevent a leak or a spill than to clean one. The fundamental rule of leak and spill prevention is to reduce the possibility for contamination by directing resources as close to the source as possible (Fig. 11). In addition to increasing the effectiveness of a spill and leak prevention program, the costs are lower if the focus is placed on preventing the occurrence in the first place. Regulatory trend, however, is to require methods that respond to leaks after they occur. In addition to being more cosdy, this type of requirement is often a disincentive to prevent the leaks in the first place, because of the additional cost. 

Wastes produced from spills and leaks are usually present to some extent in an electroplating process. Water is used to wash away floor spills, and the resulting wastewater contains all of the contaminants present in the original solutions. Wastewater is also produced from the wet scrubbing of ventilation exhaust air. 

The economical comparison between competing energy system should be based on the effective costs of the services these fuels provide. The effective costs include the utilization energy, the east of fuel, and the costs associated with fuel consumption but which are not included in its price (so-called external costs). External costs include the costs of the physical damage done to humans, fauna, flora, and the environment due to harmful emissions, oil spills and leaks, and coal strip mining, as well as governmental expenditures for pollution abatement and expenditures for military protection of oil supplies. 

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