Species-specific Method

In the spedes-specific method, the spike is usually an isotopically labeled analyte and supposed to simultaneously elute with the analyte in the entire separation procedure. The method is only possible when the composition and structure of the analyte are known in order to obtain the spike that is labeled with an enriched isotope. The premise of the method is that the labeled spikes have enough thermodynamic and kinetic stability and no isotopic exchange occurs between the spike and analyte. In this mode, the loss of the analyte after isotope dilution step has no influence on the analytical results. In fact, this 

The main challenge when applying this method for protein analysis is the lack of commercial isotopically labeled proteins. Thus, most applications are focused on small molecules, such as organic mercury, organic tin and so on. However, there is increasing interest in the use of the ICP-MS linked system and species-specific isotope dilution for quantification of peptides or proteins due to the outstanding performance of ICP-MS. 

Encinar et al. developed a method for the accurate determination of sele-noamino acids in human serum by species-specific isotope dilution analysis. A human serum was enzymatically digested, and then the selenoamino acid and carboxymethylated selenocysteine were separated and quantified by HPLC-ICP-MS. Quantification of selenomethionine was carried out by isotope dilution using a synthetic Se-labeled counterpart. The selenomethionine in samples was also measured by using selenomethionine as an internal standard. The instrumental detection limit was down to 75 fg Se and the precision was better than 5% RSD.  

Harrington et al. labeled a copper-containing protein rusticyanin (Rc) with Cu for use as a spike material in species-specific isotope dilution analysis, and 

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Disparlure, the sex pheromone of the female gypsy moth, has been used to control the spread of the gypsy moth caterpillar, a pest that has periodically devastated forests in the northeastern United States by defoliating many shade and fruit-bearing trees.The active pheromone is placed in a trap containing a poison or sticky substance, and the male moth is lured to the trap by the pheromone. Such a species-specific method presents a new way of controlling an insect population that avoids the widespread use of harmful, nonspecific pesticides. Disparlure is synthesized by oxidation of an alkene using chemistry presented in Chapter 12. 

The above examples include human plasma and urine and rat plasma for both a hydrophilic compound and a hydrophobic compound, yet the AMS quantitation methods remained the same for all matrices, species, and compounds. There are no compound- or species-specific method developments to be done for AMS quantitation. The analytical method for AMS is summarized define the sample, burn it, measure it. Thus, these specific examples provide universal estimating tools for planning UPLC—AMS analyses. 

A. Rose, G.J. Salamo, R. Gupta Photoacoustic deflection spectroscopy A new specie-specific method for combustion diagnostics. Appl. Opt. 23, 781 (1984)... 

Animal experiments are usually done on groups of rats or mice, but other species are also used. The variability in toxic effect (concentration and time) between animal species can be substantial. No definitive correlation is available to relate hiunan and animal responses, for example, the relationship between species often depends on the substance to which the relevant species are exposed substance specific conversion models are sometimes required. Therefore, species-specific methods need to be defined for converting animal data to human effects or for using animal data directly. Anderson (1983) suggests that an equiv-... 

Following the movement of airborne pollutants requires a natural or artificial tracer (a species specific to the source of the airborne pollutants) that can be experimentally measured at sites distant from the source. Limitations placed on the tracer, therefore, governed the design of the experimental procedure. These limitations included cost, the need to detect small quantities of the tracer, and the absence of the tracer from other natural sources. In addition, aerosols are emitted from high-temperature combustion sources that produce an abundance of very reactive species. The tracer, therefore, had to be both thermally and chemically stable. On the basis of these criteria, rare earth isotopes, such as those of Nd, were selected as tracers. The choice of tracer, in turn, dictated the analytical method (thermal ionization mass spectrometry, or TIMS) for measuring the isotopic abundances of... 

The precipitation method of separation involves the addition of salts such as ammonium sulfate or solvents such as polyethylene glycol to the reagent mixture to cause precipitation of the large molecular weight bound species. These methods of precipitation lack specificity and work well only when there is a large difference between the molecular weight of the material being measured and that of the bound complex of it. 

In studies of mice, rats, and dogs, diisopropyl methylphosphonate was rapidly absorbed into plasma (Hart 1976). The plasma data indicate that all three species rapidly absorbed diisopropyl methylphosphonate, although the exact rate was species specific. Although no studies were located regarding human absorption, diisopropyl methylphosphonate is also likely to be absorbed rapidly into the plasma of humans. The ability of porous polymeric sorbents, activated carbon, and dialysis to remove diisopropyl methylphosphonate from human plasma has been studied (McPhillips 1983). The grafted butyl-XAD-4 was found to be the most efficient sorbent for the removal of diisopropyl methylphosphonate from human plasma. Hemoperfusion of plasma over synthetic XAD-4 or butyl-XAD-4 sorbent resin was more efficient than dialysis/ultrafiltration for the removal of diisopropyl methylphosphonate from human plasma the smaller surface of the packed resins provided less area to minimize damage to molecular constituents of the plasma. These methods are useful in reducing diisopropyl methylphosphonate concentrations in the plasma. However, since diisopropyl methylphosphonate and its metabolites are not retained by the body, the need for methods to reduce body burden is uncertain. 

More-specific methods are available for identifying and quantitating the typical, amino sugar component of heparin (and some heparan sulfate species), namely, 2-deoxy-2-sulfoamino-D-glucose. Most of these methods are based on conversion of these residues into 2,5-anhydro-D-mannose by deamination with nitrous acid (see Section VIII,2). The 2,5-anhydro-D-mannose residues may be determined either colorimetrically,52-54 or fluorimetrically.55... 

Yamamoto et al. [6] conclude that their method was quite successful for the species-specific determination of arsenic and antimony in seawater. These methods, especially those for the determination of arsenic (III) and antimony (III), are quite satisfactory, as the method is almost free from interference of foreign ions. 

In summary, these are the clinically relevant questions about the immunogenicity of rDNA species-specific proteins will antibody be induced in the recipient that will neutralize the therapeutic effect or lead to immune complex disease What is the class (e.g., IgG or IgE) and specificity (i.e., reactivity against specific protein or contaminant) of the antibody induced The former antibody type could potentially neutralize the product and produce immune complex disease, while the latter could result in an anaphylaxis response. It is possible that the antibody induced is of insignificant health consequence, and its presence is known only because of improvements made in the sensitivity of detection methods with the introduction of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay. 

Enteral routes technically include any that will put a material directly into the GI tract, but the use of enteral routes other than oral (such as rectal) is rare in toxicology. Though there are a number of variations of technique and peculiarities of animal response that are specific to different animal species, there is also a great deal of commonality across species in methods, considerations, and mechanisms. 

Indirect methods for immunofluorescent detection of multiple tissue antigens in their simplest form make use of primary antibodies that are raised in different species and accordingly can be visualized with differently labeled species-specific secondary antibodies (see Sect. 8.1). However, quite often the appropriate combination of primary antibodies from different host species is not available. A general problem relates to the fact that the available primary antibodies may originate only from one species either rabbit or mouse. When primary antibodies are raised in the same host species, the secondary species-specific antibodies can cross-react with each of the primary antibodies (Ino 2004). 

The cross-reaction of secondary species-specific antibodies with primary antibodies from the same species is obviously avoided by direct (one antibody layer) methods. The direct method offers an easy way for simultaneous labeling of a pair or more antigens, even when using primary antibodies from the same species. Recently, a direct technique with primary antibodies that are covalently labeled by different fluorophores was described for a simultaneous detection of up to seven... 

In some flea beetles, Phyllotreta and Aphthona spp., species specific, male produced blends of himachalene derivatives like 201,202, and 203 were identified. Structure elucidation was carefully carried out on the basis of spectroscopic methods, micro reactions, and independent syntheses [370,371]. Compounds 201,202,203 are perceived by both male and female antennae, as would be expected for an aggregation pheromone. Investigations on the behaviour mediating capacity of the compounds are ongoing. 

This completely automated spectrum analysis procedure represents the final element in our effort to reduce to routine practice the quantitative analysis of similarly constituted gaseous samples by FTIR. It has seen wide and successful application within our laboratory, having been the principle analytic method for two extensive hydrocarbon species-specific auto exhaust catalyst efficiency studies, a comprehensive study of the gases emitted by passive-restraint air bag inflators, several controlled furnace atmosphere analyses, several stationary source stack emission checks and several health-related ambient atmosphere checks. 

Demeke, T., Clear, R. M., Patrick, S. K., and Gaba, D. (2005). Species specific PCR-based assays for the detection of Fusarium species and a comparison with the whole seed agar plate method and trichothecene analysis. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 103, 271-284. 

Reischer, G. H., Lemmens, M., Farnleitner, A., Adler, A., and Mach, R. L. (2004). Quantification of Fusarium graminearum in infected wheat by species specific real-time PCR applying a TaqMan probe. J. Microbiol. Methods 59,141-146. 

The RPA is a highly sensitive and specific method for the detection and quantitation of mRNA species. Pharmingen has developed a multiprobe RPA system to generate a series of apoptosis-related gene templates, each of distinct length and each representing a sequence in a distinct mRNA species. The templates are... 

Many species of astigmatid mite emit species-specific alarm pheromones when they are disturbed. This is easily demonstrated by the species-specific odor change produced upon shaking a petri dish of mites. This odor change can be documented more methodically by comparing the profile of volatiles produced by undisturbed and disturbed colonies. For example, disturbed colonies of the mold mite T. putrescentiae were found to produce an average of 102 times as much of the alarm pheromone neryl formate (1) as undisturbed colonies (Kuwahara et al., 1979). 

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