Species Fusarium

Group 2 includes some 80 sesquiterpene trichothecenes, which are particularly associated with fungi belonging to the group Fusarium. Fusarium species are widely known both as plant pathogens and contaminants of stored foods snch as maize. Trichothecenes are strong inhibitors of protein synthesis in mammalian cells. There have been many incidents of poisoning of farm animals cansed by contamination of their food by these componnds. 

Woloshuk CP (1986) Cutinase of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi mechanism of induction and relatedness to other Fusarium species. PhD thesis, Washington State University, Pullman WA... 

Table 17.2 Mycotoxins produced by different Fusarium species (after Desjardins and Proctor 2001)...

Fusarium species Trichothecenes Zearalenone Fumonisins Moniliformin... 

Zearalenone (ZEA) is synthesised by many Fusarium species, which also produce DON, and is found worldwide in maize and maize products. Young sows seem to be the most susceptible animals and may show symptoms of hyperoestrogenism even with low ZEA intakes (0.06 mg/kg body weight intake). In contrast, 300 ppm are reported to be tolerated by hens and up to 2000 ppm by young heifers (Fink-Gremmels, 2005a). 

Doohan F M, Brennan J and Cooke B M (2003), Influence of climatic factors on Fusarium species pathogenic to cereals , Europ. J. Plant Pathol., 109, 755-768. 

Edwards S G, Pirgozliev S R, Hare M C and Jenkinson P (2001), Quantification of trichothecene-producing Fusarium species in harvested grain by competitive PCR to determine efficacies of fungicides against Fusarium head blight of winter wheat , Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67, 1575-1580. 

Magan N, Hope R, Colleate A and Baxter E S (2002), Relationship between growth and mycotoxin production by Fusarium species, biocides and environment , Europ. J. Plant Pathol., 108, 685-690. 

Martin R A and Mac Leod J A (1991), Influences of production inputs on incidence of infection by Fusarium species on cereal seed , Plant Dis., 75, 784—788. 

Z. Joffe, Fusarium Species—Their Biology and Toxicology, Wiley, New York, 1986. 

Doohan FM, Parry DW, Jenkinson P, Nicholson P (1998) The use of species-specific PCR-based assays to analyse Fusarium ear blight of wheat. Plant Pathol 47 197-205 Doohan FM, Brennan J, Cooke BM (2003) Influence of climatic factors on Fusarium species pathogenic to cereals. Eur J Plant Pathol 109 755-768 Eppley RM, Stoloff L, Trucksess MW, Chung CW (1974) Survey of corn for fusarium toxins. J Assoc Anal Chem 57 632-635... 

Punja ZK et al (2007) Diversity of Fusarium species associated with discolored ginseng roots in British Columbia. Can J Plant Pathol 29 340... 

SPR systems also showed encouraging results with their ability to detect mycotoxins. The BIACORE was used to detect a mycotoxin, DON, produced by Fusarium species, from spiked wheat sample in a competitive inhibition assay (Schnerr et ah, 2002). Biotinylated DON was immobilized on the sensor chip which was previously coated with strep-tavidin. Mycotoxin extracts from wheat samples were first allowed to react with the antibody and then injected into the BIACORE. The detection range was established to be 0.13-10 pg/ml. In a slightly modified format, DON was also detected by SPR at a range of 2.5-30 ng/ml (Tudos et ah, 2003). 

Beck, J. J., and Barnett, C. J. (2003). In "Detection of Fusarium species infecting com using the polymerase chain reaction", p. 23U. S. Patent Application 200330113722, June 19, 2003. 

Chelkowski, J., Bateman, G. L., and Mirocha, C. J. (1999). Identification of toxigenic Fusarium species using PCR assays. J. Phytopathol. (Berlin) 147,307-311. 

Demeke, T., Clear, R. M., Patrick, S. K., and Gaba, D. (2005). Species specific PCR-based assays for the detection of Fusarium species and a comparison with the whole seed agar plate method and trichothecene analysis. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 103, 271-284. 

Doohan, F. M., Weston, G., Rezanoor, H. N., Parry, D. W., and Nicholson, P. (1999). Development and use of a reverse transcription PCR assay to study expresdion of tri5 by Fusarium species in vitro and in planta. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 3850-3854. 

Grimm, C., and Geisen, R. (1998). A PCR-ELISA for the detection of potential fumonisin producing Fusarium species. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 26,456-462. 

Knoll, A., Niessen, L., and Vogel, R. F. (2000). Application of a PCR protocol for the diagnosis of trichothecene producing Fusarium species in deoxynivalenol contaminated wheat. Mycotoxin Res. 16A, 240-243. 

Kristensen, R., Berdal, K. G., and Holst-Jensen, A. (2006a). Simultaneous detection and identification of trichothecene- and moniliformin-producing Fusarium species based on multiplex SNP analysis. /. Appl. Microbiol, pp. 11. doi 10.1111/j.l365-2672.2006.03166.x. 

Nicholson, P., Simpson, D. R., Wilson, A. H., Chandler, E., and Thomsett, M. (2004). Detection and differentiation of trichothecene and enniatin-producing Fusarium species on small-grain cereals. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110, 503-514. 

Rheeder, J. P., Marasas, W. F., and Vismer, H. F. (2002). Production of fumonisin analogs by Fusarium species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 2102-2105. 

Sarlin, T., Yli-Mattila, T., Jestoi, M., Rizzo, A., Paavanen-Huhtala, S., and Haikara, A. (2006). Real-time PCR for quantification of toxigenic Fusarium species in barley and malt. Eur.. Plant Pathol. 114,371-380. 

Schnerr, H., Vogel, R. F., and Niessen, L. (2002). Correlation between DNA of trichothecene-producing Fusarium species and deoxynivalenol concentrations in wheat samples. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 35,121-125. 

Tan, M. K., and Niessen, L. (2003). Analysis of rDNA ITS sequences to determine genetic relationships among, and provide a basis for simplified diagnosis of Fusarium species causing crown rot and head blight of cereals. Mycol. Res. 107, 811-821. 

Waalwijk, C., van der Lee, T., de Vries, L, Hesselink, T., Arts, J., and Kema, G. H. J. (2004a). Synteny in toxigenic Fusarium species The fumonisin gene cluster and the mating type region as examples. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110, 533-544. 

Yli-Mattila, T., Paavaen-Huhtala, S., Parikka, P., Konstantinova, P., and Gagkaeva, T. Y. (2004). Molecular and morphological diversity of Fusarium species in Finland and north western Russia. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110, 573-585. 

Fumonisins, first isolated from corn cultures of Fusarium moniliforme, are also produced by several other Fusarium species (F. anthophilum, F. proliferatum, F. dlamini, F. napiforme, and F. nygamai) (68). From the seven structurally related fumonisin analogs, only fuminisins B, (FB,), B2 (FB2), and B3 (FB3) are naturally occurring in com (69,70). The first two invariably occur together and have been extensively studied. Molecular structures of fumonisins are shown in Fig. 8. 

---