Speciation inductively coupled plasma

Inoue Y, Kawabata K (1993) Speciation of organotin compounds by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry combined with liquid chromatography. Journal of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan, 41 (4) 245-251. 

Elemental Speciation - New Approaches for Trace Element Analysis Discrete Sample Introduction Techniques for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry... 

Bloxam et al. [482] used liquid chromatography with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detector in speciation studies on ppt levels of mercury in seawater. 

L. S. Milstein, A. Essader, E. D. Pellizzari, R. A. Fernando, and O. Akinbo. Selection of a Suitable Mobile Phase for the Speciation of Four Arsenic Compounds in Drinking Water Samples Using Ion-exchange Chromatography Coupled to Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Sectrometry. Environ, lnt., 28(2002) 277-283. 

A hyphenated technique, the coupling of ion chromatographic separation (DX-100, DIONEX) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection (ELAN-5000, PERKIN-ELMER) was used for the speciation... 

On the basis of the preceding discussion, it should be obvious that ultratrace elemental analysis can be performed without any major problems by atomic spectroscopy. A major disadvantage with elemental analysis is that it does not provide information on element speciation. Speciation has major significance since it can define whether the element can become bioavailable. For example, complexed iron will be metabolized more readily than unbound iron and the measure of total iron in the sample will not discriminate between the available and nonavailable forms. There are many other similar examples and analytical procedures that must be developed which will enable elemental speciation to be performed. Liquid chromatographic procedures (either ion-exchange, ion-pair, liquid-solid, or liquid-liquid chromatography) are the best methods to speciate samples since they can separate solutes on the basis of a number of parameters. Chromatographic separation can be used as part of the sample preparation step and the column effluent can be monitored with atomic spectroscopy. This mode of operation combines the excellent separation characteristics with the element selectivity of atomic spectroscopy. AAS with a flame as the atom reservoir or AES with an inductively coupled plasma have been used successfully to speciate various ultratrace elements. 

Yang et al. [83] accomplished speciation of organotin compounds using reverse-phase liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. The separation was complete in 6min and detection limits were in the range 2.8-16pg of tin for various species. 

C.B. Hymer and J.A. Caruso, Arsenic and its speciation analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr.A 1045 (2004) 1-14. 

Pantsar-Kallio M, Manninen PKG. 1998. Speciation of halogenides and oxyhalogens by ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 360 161-166. 

Encinar, J. R., Schaumloffel, D., Ogra, Y., and Lobinski, R., Determination of selenomethionine and selenocysteine in human serum using speciated isotope dilution-capillary HPLC-inductively coupled plasma collision cell mass spectrometry, Analytical Chemistry 76(22), 6635-6642, 2004. 

The Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA) is sponsoring research on the application of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) to isotopic analysis of nickel in biological samples, on the development of sampling instrumentation for assessing workers exposure to nickel in the nickel industry, and on methods for utilizing newly developed analytical methods, such as laser beam ionization mass spectrometry, for the identification and speciation of nickel compounds in powders and dusts with particular reference to nickel refining. 

Further applications of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the trace and ultratrace and isotope analysis of long-hved radionuclides are discussed in references1 3,9actinide elements is presented by Geipel.91... 

Transient signals are typically obtained in atomic spectrometry when samples are introduced by flow injection techniques or when the spectrometer is used as an element-specific detector in hyphenated techniques. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has nowadays become the detection technique of choice for multielement-specific detection in speciation as it allows multielemental... 

M. Vazquez Pelaez, J. M. Costa-Fernandez and A. Sanz-Medel, Critical comparison between quadrupole and time-of-flight inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers for isotope ratio measurements in elemental speciation, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 17, 2002, 950-957. 

S. Aguerre, C. Pecheyran, G. Lespes, E. Krupp, O. F. X. Donard and M. Potin-Gautier, Optimisation of the hyphenation between solid-phase microextraction, capillary gas chromatography and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for the routine speciation of organotin compounds in the environment, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16(12), 2001, 1429-1433. 

A. Woller, H. Garraud, J. Boisson, A. M. Dorthe, P. Fodor and O. F. X. Donard, Simultaneuous speciation of redox species of arsenic and selenium using an anion-exchange microbore column coupled with a micro-concentric nebuliser and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer as detector, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 13, 1998, 141-149. 

Thompson, J. J. and Houk, R. S., Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection for multielement flow injection analysis and elemental speciation by reversed phase liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 58, 2541-2548, 1986. 

Gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography have both been combined with the introduction of hydride generation into inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the speciation determination of arsenic in soils [36]. 

Baalousha, M., Kammer, F. V. D., Motelica-Heino, M., Baborowski, M., Hofmeister, C., and Le Coustumer, P. (2006). Size-based speciation of natural colloidal particles by flow field flow fractionation, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy/x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy Colloids-trace element interaction. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40(7), 2156-2162. 

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a powerful technique that uses an inductively coupled plasma as an ion source and a mass spectrometer as an ion analyzer. It can measure the presence of more than 75 elements in a single scan, and can achieve detection limits down to parts per trillion (ppt) levels for many elements—levels that are two or three orders of magnitude lower than those obtained by ICP-AES (Keeler 1991). It is more expensive than ICP-AES and requires more highly skilled technical operation. Aluminum levels in urine and saliva were detected down to 0.02 g/mL and in blood serum to 0.001 g/mL using ICP-MS (Ward 1989). Speciation studies have employed ICP-MS as a detector for aluminum in tissue fractions separated by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with detection limits of 0.04 g/g in femur, kidney and brain (Owen et al. 1994). 

HPLC units have been interfaced with a wide range of detection techniques (e.g. spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, refractive index measurement, voltammetry and conductance) but most of them only provide elution rate information. As with other forms of chromatography, for component identification, the retention parameters have to be compared with the behaviour of known chemical species. For organo-metallic species element-specific detectors (such as spectrometers which measure atomic absorption, atomic emission and atomic fluorescence) have proved quite useful. The state-of-the-art HPLC detection system is an inductively coupled plasma/MS unit. HPLC applications (in speciation studies) include determination of metal alkyls and aryls in oils, separation of soluble species of higher molecular weight, and separation of As111, Asv, mono-, di- and trimethyl arsonic acids. There are also procedures for separating mixtures of oxyanions of N, S or P. 

Figure 4.5 Separation of two trialkyl lead and three organomercury species. Column 1.5mm i.d. x 5cm long flow rate lOOpimirT1 mobile phase 5mM ammonium pentanesulfonate in 20 80 v/v ACN-H20 (pH 3.4) injection volume 2jul, sample size, 40 pg (as Pb) for (Me)3Pb+, 80 pg (as Pb) for (Et)3Pb+ and 2 ng (as Hg) for each of the organomercury species. Taken from Speciation of mercury and lead compounds by microbore column liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma chromatography mass spectrometry (Shum ef a/. 1992).

Barnowski, C., Jakubowski, N., Stuewer, D. and Broekaert, J.A.C. (1997) Speciation of chromium by direct coupling of ion exchange chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 12, 1155-1161. 

Gallus, S.M. and Heumann, K.G. (1996) Development of gas-chromatography inductively-coupled plasma isotope-dilution mass-spectrometry system for accurate determination of volatile element species. 1. Selenium speciation./. Anal. At. Spectrom., 11, 887-892. 

Heisterkamp, M., DeSmaele, T., Candelone, J.E, Moens, L., Dams, R. and Adam, F.C. (1997) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry hyphenated to capillary gas chromatography as a detection system for the speciation of organolead compounds in environmental waters./. Anal. At. Spectrom., 12, 1077-1081. 

Heitkemper, D., Creed, J., Davison, T., Caruso, J. and Fricke, F.L. (1989) Speciation of arsenic in urine using high performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection./. Anal. At. Spectrom., 4, 279-284. 

LaFreniere, K.E., Fassel, VA. and Eckels, D.E. (1987) Elemental speciation via high performance liquid chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric detection-application of a direct injection nebuliser. Anal. Chem., 59, 879-887. 

Liu, Y., Lopez-Avila, V, Zhu, J.J., Wiederin, D.R. and Beckert, W.F. (1995) Capillary electrophoresis coupled on-line with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for elemental speciation. Anal Chem., 67, 2020-2025. 

Michalke, B. and Schramel, R (1998) Selenium speciation by interfacing capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis, 19,270-275. 

Olesik, J.W., Kinzer, J.A. and Olesik, S.V (1995) Capillary electrophoresis inductively-coupled plasma spectrometry for rapid elemental speciation. Anal. Chem., 67, 1-12. 

Pedersen, G.A. and Larsen, E.H. (1997) Speciation of four selenium compounds using high performance liquid chromatography with on-line detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and flame atomic absorption spectrometry Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 358, 591-598. 

Saverwyns, S., Zhang, X.R., Vanhaecke, F., Cornelis, R., Moens, L. and Dams, R. (1997) Speciation of six arsenic compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with sample introduction by thermospray nebulisation./. Chromatogr. A, 779, 299-306. 

Shum, S.C.K., Pang, H. and Houk, R.S. (1992) Speciation of mercury and lead compounds by microbore column liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 64, 2444—2450. 

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