Drinking water sampling

Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water (Sampling Analysis, Monitoring and Compliance), U.S. Envkonmental Piotection Agency, EPA/570/9-83-002, Washington, D.C., 1983. 

The metliod developed enables effieient mattix management. Applieation to natural and drinking water samples appeared very promising for future pestieides monitoring. 

In according to proposed procedure the drinking water samples with spiked copper (II) standai d solution and the copper-smelting plant wastewater samples have been analyzed. The found results were verified by atomic absoi ption spectrometry. The developed method (standard addition version) was found suitable for determination of Cu (II) in drinking water and industrial wastewater. 

Figure 5.3 Analysis of 100 ml of (a) surface water and (b) drinking water sample spiked with 0.1 pig/ml of microcystins, using column-switching HPLC 1, microcystin-RR 2, microcystin-YR 3, microcystin-LR. Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography A, 848, H. S. Lee et al, On-line trace enrichment for the simultaneous determination of microcystins in aqueous samples using high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection , pp 179-184, copyright 1999, with permission from Elsevier Science.

The DBPCAN database contains predicted estimates of carcinogenic potential for 209 chemicals detected in finished drinking water samples having undergone water disinfection treatment. 

E. M. Thurman and C. Batian, Determination of atrazine and atrazine mercapture in drinking water samples and in urine using immunoaffinity SPE with positive ion spray HPLC/MS , Presented at the 15th Symposium on Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Montreux, Switzerland, November 9-10, 1998. 

Drinking water Sample collection on XAD-2 resin solvent extraction solvent exchange GC/NPD confirmation by GC/MS Low ppt >70 LeBel et al. 1981... 

L. S. Milstein, A. Essader, E. D. Pellizzari, R. A. Fernando, and O. Akinbo. Selection of a Suitable Mobile Phase for the Speciation of Four Arsenic Compounds in Drinking Water Samples Using Ion-exchange Chromatography Coupled to Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Sectrometry. Environ, lnt., 28(2002) 277-283. 

Overview of results of determination of AP and APEO in process and drinking water sampled from the Meuse and Rhine rivers, NL... 

In studies carried out in November and December 2001 in Brazil [31], metabolites from NPEO were investigated in six different drinking water samples. Whereas in the three samples taken from Niteroi (see also Fig. 6.3.1) no analytes at all were detected, the levels in the drinking water from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were in the range from 12 to 24ngL 1 and below LOD to 6 ng L-1 for NPEiC and NPE2C, respectively. Thus the detected values are about 1000-fold less than the detected SPC values and also reflect the LAS/SPC to NPEO/NPEC concentration ratio found in Brazilian surface waters. 

Fig. 6.6.6. (—)-LC-ESI-MS extracted ion chromatograms of C7-SPC (mlz 285) in drinking water samples from (a) Niteroi and (b) Rio de Janeiro. Values in parentheses indicate relative peak area (a + b + c — 100%) (from Ref. [30] with permission from...

Proposed Rule Drinking Water Sampling and Analytical Requirements Yes 58 FR 65622 EPA 1993b... 

The relatively high concentrations of PECs that have been observed in drinking water samples indicate that the common water treatment steps used do not effectively eliminate perfluorinated compounds. It should be noted that the washing of food samples with tap water may introduce an additional source of PECs [13]. 

Dichlorobenzene has also been found in 13% of the drinking water samples from U.S. surface water sources. The surface water samples measured contain about 0.008-154 ppb of... 

Dichlorobenzene was reported in drinking water samples from 3 cities on Lake Ontario at concentrations ranging from 8 to 20 ppt (Oliver and Nicol 1982a). Dichlorobenzene isomers were detected in 0-3% of drinking water samples from selected locations in New Jersey, North Carolina, and North Dakota locations (Wallace et al. 1986a). 

The use of a volatile solvent, e.g., pentane, was not explored because of inherent limitations. Concentration of such extracts was not possible because of the volatility of the sample components. Therefore the maximum concentration factor that could have been achieved was limited by the partition coefficients of the compounds into the solvent used in the extraction. For most compounds this factor was estimated to be about 10 1. Furthermore, with CRMS and other general detectors, the solvent masking problem would still preclude observation of many compounds. Therefore, the method would be limited to detectors that are not responsive to the solvent used in the extraction. Recent work (3.4,5) has indicated that extraction with a volatile solvent is a viable approach for the analysis of a small set of compounds, e.g., the trihalomethanes, with an electron capture detector in drinking water samples where concentration factors of 10 1 or less are acceptable. 

Low levels of hexachlorobutadiene (less than 1 ppb) may be found in drinking water (EPA 1989a). Finished drinking water samples from two U.S. cities were found to contain 1.6 ppt and 2.7 ppt, respectively (Lucas 1984). Hexachlorobutadiene was also detected in groundwater at 6 of 479 waste disposal sites in the United States (Plumb 1991). 

Figure 6-2 illustrates the levels of chlorite ion in drinking water sampled from the distribution system versus the percentage of publically owned treatment works (POTW) facilities in the United States that reported as part of the ICR in 1998. Approximately 16% of this group had levels of chlorite ion over the MCL of 1 mg/L. 

Water samples (drinking water, rain, sea, river or waste water and others) have been characterized by ICP-MS with multi-element capability in respect to metal impurities (such as Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Na, Sb, Se, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Tl, Th, U, V and Zn) in many laboratories in routine mode with detection limits at the low ng I 1 range using ICP-QMS, and below by means of ICP-SFMS. Drinking water samples are controlled in respect of the European legislation (Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption). For quality control of analytical data, certified standard reference materials e.g. drinking water standard (40CFR 141.51), river water reference material SLRS-4 or CASS-2 certified reference sea-water material and others are employed. 

Butyl acrylate may be released into the environment in fugitive and stack emissions or in wastewater during its production and use. It has been detected at low levels in ambient and urban air, groundwater and drinking-water samples (United States National Library of Medicine, 1997). 

Figure 2. Flow scheme for the preparation of drinking water samples.

Table I. Drinking Water Samples from Five Cities...

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