Capillary electrophoresis interfaces

Michalke, B., Lustig, S. and Schramel, P. (1997) Analysis for the stability of Pt-containing species in soil samples using capillary electrophoresis interfaced on-line with ICP-MS. 

Blakley, C.R., Vestal, M.L., Verentchikov, A. and Wang, Y.P. (1994) Liquid Chromatograph and Capillary Electrophoresis Interfaces for Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry. Proceedings of the 42nd ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, Chicago, IL, p. 1045. 

B H3mier Day, J.A. Caruso, J.A. Evaluation of a micro-concentric nebulizer and its suction effect in a capillary electrophoresis interface with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Appl. Spectrosc. 2000, 54, 1040-1046. 

Since the first publication by Hara and co-workers in 1991, most of the analytically important chemiluminescent reactions have been employed for detection with capillary electrophoresis, as shown in Figure 2. Although chemiluminescence is an attractive mode of detection for capillary electrophoresis, interfacing the detection system with the electrophoretic separation is more complex than with HPLC. Nevertheless, a number of chemiluminescence detectors have been developed and successfully employed for the... 

Describe clearly the challenges of interfacing electrochemical detectors to capillary electrophoresis separation systems. How can these challenges be overcome ... 

ESI-MS is the most successful method of coupling a condensed phase separation technique to a mass spectrometer. Because the input to ESI is a liquid, electrospray serves as an interface between the mass spectrometer and liquid chromatographic techniques, including SEC and CE (capillary electrophoresis). In LC-MS the flow-rate should lie in the range recommended for the HPLC pump and the mass spectrometer (typically 0.001 -l.OmLmin-1). Recent advances in (nano)electrospray technology include the development of the use of very low solvent flow-rates (30 to 1000nLmin-1) [130,131],... 

Hyphenation in capillary electrophoresis is still in its infancy. Critical aspects of CE hyphenation include the minute volumes of sample injected (typically a few nL) and small flow-rates (in the order of nLmin-1). Interfaces are not commercially available. CZE-UV can be used for the analysis of higher polyamide oligomers in HF1P solution [859]. A solvent elimination design with nebuliser has been described for CE-FTIR and CEC-FTIR coupling absolute detection limits are hundreds of pg [860]. An advantage of CE-FTIR is that analytes may be detected and identified without derivatisation. CE(C)-NMR [861-863] is advancing rapidly. 

Lada, M.W., Kennedy, R.T. (1996). Quantitative, in vivo monitoring of primary amines in rat caudate nucleus using microdialysis coupled by a flow-gated interface to capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal. Chem. 68, 2790-2797. 

Bergstrom, S.K., Samskog, J., Markides, K.E. (2003). Development of a poly(dimethylsilox-ane) interface for on-line capillary column liquid chromatography-capillary electrophoresis coupled to sheathless electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 75, 5461-5467. 

Issaq, H.J., Janini, G.M., Chan, K.C., Veenstra, T.D. (2004). Sheathless electrospray ionization interfaces for capillary electrophoresis—mass spectrometric detection advantages and limitations. J. Chromatogr. A 1053, 37 42. 

Severs J.C., Hofstadler S.A., Zhao Z., Senh R.T., and Smith R.D. (1996), The interface of capillary electrophoresis with high performance Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for biomolecule characterization, Electrophoresis 17(12) 1808-1817. 

Wang C., Oleschuk R., Ouchen F., Li J., Thibault R, and Harrison D.J. (2000), Integration of immobilized trypsin bead beds for protein digestion within a micro-fluidic chip incorporating capillary electrophoresis separations and an electrospray mass spectrometry interface, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 14(15), 1377-1383. 

Note The acronym CE is also used for capillary electrophoresis, a separation method. CE may be coupled to a mass spectrometer via an electrospray interface (Chaps. 11, 12), and thus CE-CI and CE-ESI-MS must not be confused. 

Schrader, W. Linscheid, M. Styrene Oxide DNA Addncts in Vitro Reaction and Sensitive Detection of Modified Oligonn-cleotides Using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Interfaced to ESI-MS. Archives of Toxicology 1997, 71, 588-595. 

Huggins, T. G., and Henion, J. D. (1993). Capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry determination of inorganic ions using and ion spray-sheath flow interface. Electrophoresis 14, 531 — 539. 

Bemet, P., Blaser, D., Berger, S., and Schaer, M. (2004). Development of a robust capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometer interface with a floating sheath liquid feed. Chimia (Aarau) 58, 196-199. 

Nilsson, S. L., Bylund, D., Joernten-Karlsson, M., Petersson, P., and Markides, K. E. (2004). A chemometric study of active parameters and their interaction effects in a nebulized sheath-liquid electrospray interface for capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 25, 2100-2107. 

Tseng, M. C., Chen, Y. R., and Her, G. R. (2004). A beveled tip sheath liquid interface for capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 25, 2084—2089. 

Jussila, M., Sinervo, K., Porras, S. P, and Riekkola, M. L. (2000). Modified liquid-junction interface for nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 21, 3311—3317. 

Liu, C. C., Jong, R., and Covey, T. (2003). Coupling of a large-size capillary column with an electrospray mass spectrometer. A reliable and sensitive sheath flow capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry interface.. Chromatogr. A 1013, 9-18. 

Wachs, T., Sheppard, R. L., and Henion, J. (1996). Design and applications of a self-aligning liquid junction-electrospray Interface for capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. /. Chromatogr. B 685, 335-342. 

Kele, Z., Eerenc, G., Klement, E., Toth, G. K., and Janaky, T. (2005). Design and performance of a sheathless capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry Interface by combining fused-slllca capillaries with gold-coated nanoelectrospray tips. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19, 881 — 885. 

Waterval, J. C. M., Bestebreurtje, P., Lingeman, H., Versluis, C., Heck, A. J. R., Bult, A., and Underberg, W. J. M. (2001). Robust and cost-effective capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry interfaces suitable for combination with on-line analyte preconcentration. Electrophoresis 22, 2701-2708. 

Bendahl, L., Hansen, S. H., and Olsen, J. (2002). A new sheathless electrospray interface for coupling of capillary electrophoresis to ion-trap mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 16, 2333-2340. 

Goodwin, L., Startin, J. R., Keely, B. J., and Goodall, D. M. (2003). Analysis of glyphosate and glufosinate by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry utilizing a sheathless microelectrospray interface./. Chromatogr. A 1004, 107—119. 

Petersson, M. A., Hulthe, G., and Fogelqvist, E. (1999). New sheathless interface for coupling capillary-electrophoresis to electrospray mass-spectrometry evaluated by the analysis of fatty acids and prostaglandins./. Chromatogr. A 854, 141 — 154. 

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