Solution Vehicle

Age of Eggs (days) Solution Vehicle (water or oil) Diazinon Cone. (mg/L) Percen t Dead Approximate Field Application Rate... 

Know the physical properties of the substances with which you are working. Keep in mind that some compounds (such as acetaldehyde and tritiated water) have low boiling points. Again, keep in mind that some gloves do not offer an adequate barrier to certain chemicals. Some compounds enter the body with such facility that special care must be exercised when they are in use. One example is dimethyl sulfoxide, which as a solvent facilitates the entry of many solutes into the body. There are many known cases where radiolabeled compounds contaminated individuals who failed to consider this power of DMSO as a solute vehicle. 

Aminolevulinic acid (ALA HCl, Levulan Kerastick) is indicated for the treatment of nonhyperkeratotic actinic keratosis of the face and scalp. It has two components, an alcohol solution vehicle and ALA HCl as a dry solid. The two are mixed prior to application to the skin. When applied to human skin, ALA is metabolized to protoporphyrin, which accumulates and on exposure to visible light produces a photodynamic reaction that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS).The ROS produce cytotoxic effects that may explain therapeutic efficacy. Local burning and stinging of treated areas of skin due to photosensitization can occur. 

Aminolevulinic acid HC1 for topical solution, 20%, contains the hydrochloride salt of aminolevulinic acid, an endogenous 5-carbon aminoketone. The stick for topical application is a two-component system consisting of a plastic tube containing two sealed glass ampules and an applicator tip. One ampule contains 1.5 mL of solution vehicle comprising alcohol (ethanol content = 48% v/v),... 

Figure 14.8 Basic diffusion cell designs. Static horizontal cells may be jacketed [as in the Franz-type) or unjacketed [and temperature controlled using water bath or heating block). Flow-through cells usually have a small receptor chamber to maximize mixing. Side-by-side cells are used mainly for solution vehicles.

Drying capacity is a measure of the process air capacity for evaporated solution vehicle. This capacity is dependent on the rate of air volume movement through the system, the temperature of that air, and the vapor pressure of the vehicle at that temperature. Figure 7.14 shows the relationship of air capacity and temperature for a variety of solvents. These data are based on vapor pressure data and the general gas equation noted previously in this chapter ... 

Miscellaneous used protective clothing decontaminating solutions vehicle parts storage containers 50... 

Solution vehicles consist of water soluble polymers not manufactured by emulsion polymerization. The solution vehicle is an alkali soluble polymer in aqueous solution or a blend of polymers with combined properties into a single waterborne varnish. Soluble polymers are made by free radical polymerization in a processing solvent or as addition or condensation products with heat reaching temperatures up to 265 °C. Solution vehicles are mixtures of soluble resins unlike emulsion polymers. A solution vehicle is used to increase adhesion to film and improve ink printabihty or transfer to meet specific performance requirements. The solution vehicle provides pigment dispersion stabilization, transparency, low film forming temperature, gloss and re-solubility. An alkali soluble resin is a carboxylic acid functional polymer neutralized (solubilized) with ammonia, amine or sodium hydroxide. The add numbers are generally above 100. Ammonia or volatile amines are used in most aqueous inks except for news print inks. After evaporation of the amine, the resin becomes insoluble and resistant to water spray or other water contact. The ink is re-solubilized with alkaline water for the clean-up cycle. For news print ink, the polymers are solubiHzed with sodium hydroxide to maintain re-solubility (open time) of the ink on the press. News print ink pressman prefer unlimited open time and fewer clean-up cycles. Water resistance is not required since ink penetrates the news print paper fibers. 

A folding carton ink is composed of a hard non-film forming styrene acrylic emulsion vehicle and a styrene acrylic solution vehicle. As an alternative, a film forming styrene acrylic emulsion vehicle and rosin fumarate ester solution vehicle are used. 

A typical ink for coated board is composed of an epoxy ester based pigment dispersion, styrene acrylic emulsion vehicle, and an epoxy ester solution vehicle. The epoxy resin commonly used is an ester of drying or semi-drying fatty acid and acrylic acid (Sect 5.2.3). The system undergoes oxidation to give moisture and alkali resistance [11]. Alternative polymers that may be used in inks for coated board are aziri-dine (ethylene imine) crosslinking styrene acrylic or a VAE (vinyl acetate ethylene) self crosslinldng emulsion polymer. 

Inks for Gift Wrap are composed of a hard non-film-forming styrene acrylic emulsion combined with a solution vehicle to adjust printability and balance coalescence. Gravure is the most used process for printing gift wrap. 

An ammoniacal solution is added just before use to activate the hydrogen peroxide. Ammonia is preferred over sodium carbonate (40) or ethanolamines for maximum bleaching. The alkaline solution can be formulated iato a shampoo vehicle with oleate soaps or ethoxylated fatty alcohols. When the bleach is appHed to areas such as new hair growth, a viscous cream or paste may be preferred, formulated with fatty alcohols, alkanolamides, or other thickeners. 

Intravenous aqueous injections provide an excellent means of achieving a rapid therapeutic response. Parenteral product design, eg, vehicle and other excipient selection, as well as choice of route of adrninistration, can prolong therapeutic activity and increase onset times. Thus, oily solutions, suspensions, or emulsions can be adrninistered by subcutaneous or intramuscular routes to create prolonged effect, ie, depot injection (28). 

Polymeric Calcium Phosphate Cements. Aqueous solutions of polymers such as poly(acryHc acid), poly(vinyl alcohol), gelatin, etc, and/or autopolymerizable monomer systems, eg, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate, calcium dimethacrylate, etc, have been used as Hquid vehicles (41,42,76) for the self-setting calcium phosphate cement derived from tetracalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate [7757-93-9J. 

The process of textile print coloration can be divided into three steps. First, the colorant is appHed as pigment dispersion, dye dispersion, or dye solution from a vehicle caUed print paste or printing ink, containing in addition to the colorant such solutions or dispersions of chemicals as may be required by the colorant or textile substrate to improve and assist in dye solubUity, dispersion stabUity, pH, lubricity, hygroscopicity, rate of dye fixation to the substrate, and colorant-fiber bonding. The required viscosity characteristics of a print paste are achieved by addition of natural or synthetic thickening agents or by use of emulsions. 

Cleaning solutions Tobacco smoke Air-conditioning systems Water treatment Humidifiers Disinfectants Exhaled breath Vehicle exhausts Smoking chimneys Portable heaters Tobacco smoke Gas cookers Gas and oil heaters... 

The popularity of EVs did not last. By the 1920s, the performance of ICE vehicles improved dramatically, and the earlier major drawbacks had been solved. Ironically, the replacement of the dangerous hand crank -with a battei y-powered electric starter was a major innovation accelerating ICE vehicle sales at the expense of EV sales. At the same time, there were no concurrent solutions to the limitations of battery technology for EVs that addressed the demand to drive faster and farther. 

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