Innovation accelerating

The popularity of EVs did not last. By the 1920s, the performance of ICE vehicles improved dramatically, and the earlier major drawbacks had been solved. Ironically, the replacement of the dangerous hand crank -with a battei y-powered electric starter was a major innovation accelerating ICE vehicle sales at the expense of EV sales. At the same time, there were no concurrent solutions to the limitations of battery technology for EVs that addressed the demand to drive faster and farther. 

The barricade construction moving beyond neighborhoods in the French revolution of 1848, the factory councils in the Russian revolution of 1905, the sitdown strikes of the French Popular Front and the American New Deal, the "direct actions" of the 1968-1972 period in the uncertainty and exuberance of the early period of a cycle of mobilization, innovation accelerates and new forms of contention are developed and diffused. 

These chemorational techniques have generated great interest in, and high expectations for, the acceleration of development of innovative pesticides. However, many purportedly successful appHcations of QSAR procedures have reHed on the quaHtative insights traditionally associated with art-based pesticide development programs. Retrospective QSAR analyses have, however, been helpful in identifying the best compounds for specific uses (17). Chemorational techniques have also found some appHcations in the development of pesticides from natural product lead compounds, the best known examples being the synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (19) modeled on the plant natural product, pyrethmm. 

Energy-efficiency improvements have offset much of the increased demand from these new appliances. But demand has increased, and will continue to increase, as the combination of continually increasing disposable income and cheap energy accelerates ever more novel inventions and innovations requiring energy. 

In Europe, a sponsor may request an accelerated review of a marketing authorisation by the EMEA on grounds that the product is of major interest to public health, particularly from the viewpoint of therapeutic innovation. If granted, an accelerated review must be conducted within 150 days as opposed to the 210 days allowed for a standard technical assessment. 

Recent years, the authors have innovatively proposed a method by using the aqueous ammonia liquor containing hexamine cobalt (II) complex to scrub the NO-containing flue gases[6-9], since several merits of this complex have been exploited such as (1) activation of atmospheric O2 to a peroxide to accelerate the O2 solubility, (2) coordination of NO, as NO is a stronger ligand than NH3 and H2O of Co( II) complexes to enhance the NO absorption and (3), catalysis of NO oxidation to further improve the absorption both of O2 and NO. Thus, a valuable product of ammonium nitrate can be obtained. 

Thus, for example, Matutes et al.9 show in a formal model that in basic or breakthrough innovations, protection on the basis of scope generates higher levels of welfare than period-based protection. The reason for this is that the period in which rivals can introduce applications is shorter and the patent holder can decide when to exert his or her rights. Nevertheless, it is also true that this can accelerate developments that do not generate additional value if the calculation of the reward given to the second-level innovator is excessive. The concept of the right reward for the two types of innovation is not easy to put into practice. 

The overwhelming development of the ultrashort and ultraintense laser systems based on the CPA technique enables to foresee a clear way to get miniaturized (table-top) particle accelerators and related sources of X/7-rays. Such a reduction in dimensions and costs has made realistic the application of these innovative apparatus to several fields, from medical diagnostics and therapy to material science and femto-chemistry. Furthermore, particles accelerated by laser-plasma interaction can be used in the fast-ignition approach... 

The pace of biological weapons development may well be accelerating, due to innovations in genetic and molecular engineering. A team of Australian scientists... 

Why is innovation important, and why are so many people interested in it One reason is that accelerating progress over several decades now leads people to ask Whats new What s better What will make us healthier and happier How can we protect our environment and expand our sources of energy How do we maximize the good innovations and minimize or eliminate the bad Are public funds, increasingly devoted to innovation since World War II, being well spent ... 

Increased external capacity Reduced cycle time Accelerating the learning curve Economies of scale Rapid go / no-go decisions Innovation... 

The behaviour of the individual actors in the chain is in turn affected by both internal and external structures and factors. For example employers, employees, purchasing departments for substance input and waste management for output as well as the various specialised divisions in companies using chemical products thus pursue entirely different interests and strategies. A central concern of the SubChem project was how the interaction of all actors inside and outside the supply chain can accelerate or hamper innovations. 

Direction of innovation (from the standpoint of market actors - 6al For automotive and catalytic converter manufacturers the direction was clearly away from ceramic fibres classified as K2 as per the 1998 EU classification. Official bodies (especially FIOSH) were consulted for assessing the hazardousness and were thus included in developing substitutes. A development was thus accelerated with the highest possible security of direction. 

Hypothesis (7) The diffusion of innovative solutions can be accelerated into a comparative risk evaluation between manufacturers and users by agreement on simple and transparent methods. 

In areas where the prodnct nsers and their manufacturers have agreed on simple and transparent methods and indicators for comparative evaluation of the environmental and health risks emanating from snbstances, the diffusion of innovative solutions (relatively small level) has been accelerated. 

Information on the centralised procedure can be accessed from the EC website (see end of chapter). The EMEA is required to ensure that the opinion of CHMP is given within 210 days after the receipt of a valid application. When an application is submitted for a marketing authorisation in respect of medicinal products for human use which are of major interest from the point of view of public health and in particular from the viewpoint of therapeutic innovation, the applicant may request an accelerated assessment procedure. If the applicant duly substantiates the request and if the CHMP accepts... 

There are many challenging intellectual opportunities for the research community to create new knowledge in molecular structure-property relations, and to enlarge the toolbox of product engineering, that promise to inspire and accelerate new product innovations. 

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) is now widely regarded as having evolved into a discipline in its own right. The field has become immensely diverse, ranging from medical use through solid state NMR to liquid state applications, with countless books and scientific journals devoted to these topics. The theoretical as well as experimental advances continue to be rapid, and have in fact been accelerated by many novel innovations. 

McGuire s analysis is static. Thus, it does not allow for the possibility that paying a higher price for a vaccine may accelerate product development. If paying a higher price would accelerate innovation and there are important opportunity costs to society from waiting for an effective vaccine, the price should be higher than it otherwise would be. 

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