Framing the issue

We in medical research have also been unconscionably apathetic. We have allowed the most extreme animal-rights protesters to seize the initiative and frame the issue as one of animal fraud. We have been complacent in our belief that a knowledgeable public would sense the importance of animal research to the public health. Perhaps we have been mistaken in not responding to the emotional tone of the argument created by those sad posters of animals by waving equally sad posters of children dying of leukemia or cystic fibrosis. 

In the past some of our leaders have done remarkably well in framing the issues for the country. Lincoln, in his House Divided speech—the one we have been quoting today—which was then thought to be political suicide, and Wilson in his League of Nations proposal, which ended in tragic failure, demonstrated the courage required in putting the real issues before the people. 

Informed Participation. Those who are present need to be provided with highly accessible materials that frame the issue in a fair way and provide a baseline of data on which participants may begin their discussions. These background materials educate participants and create the foundation for a rich, informed table discussion. In addition to the written materials, issue experts also are available to respond to specific questions generated at tables during the discussion period. 

New York Herald, December 25,1869, p. 6. Of course, it is also possible that Caller may have been exposed to the lead from any number of other sources, including beer, wine, food, or perhaps even his occupation. This text, however, focuses exclusively on the possible role of the public water supply. This focus is adopted to help frame the issues raised later in the book, not to exclude other possible sources of exposure. 

A simple way to frame the issues is to explore the differences between linear polyethylene (PE) and polytetrafluoroethylene— their chemical structures are similar except that in the latter, F has replaced H without destructive distortion of the geometry of the former ... 

The literature reviewed in sections 2—3.6 has shown that oxygen reduction on Pt is quite complex, involving several possible rate-limiting (or co-limit-ing) steps. As we will see in sections 4 and 5, this complexity is a universal feature of all SOFC cathodes, with many of the same themes and issues reappearing for other materials. We therefore highlight below several general observations about the mechanism of Pt that frame the discussion for other solid-state gas-diffusion electrodes involving O2. These observations are as follows. 

For teachers the issues were necessarily differently framed their concern was with the child to be educated, whatever their background. Whilst placing great emphasis on their primary role to educate, these head teachers recognized and made allowances for children coming from difficult or disturbed backgrounds ... 

Current research ethics do not adequately address the issue of international research on the diversity of the human genome. Under current research standards, this research will widen the gap between developed and underdeveloped countries. New ethics standards for this research should frame this research so the market value of property rights from such research fosters the development of research institutions, a scientific workforce, and access to investment and venture capital within underdeveloped countries. The 1992 CBD offers just such a foundation. 

Suppose externally we increase the pressure, P, on the containing vessel, then according to Le Chatelier s Principle the equilibrium between X2 (g) and X(g) species will shift in order to try to mitigate the impact of this pressure increase and the equilibrium will shift in the direction of the undissociated molecules, so reducing the degree of dissociation, a. Immediately one might be tempted to say therefore that Kp/po for the reaction is thereby decreased. There is need for caution here and the extent of the qualitative argument is limited to comment only on the variation of P and of a but not on Kp/po variation. The reason is the complexity of the issue and, as seen earlier (Frame 48) - and also in the next section - this complexity arises from the fact that Kp/po is a complicated function of both a2 and of (P / P°) where P° is the standard pressure. 

Textbooks give various versions of notation. This Appendix gives more precise coverage of the issue in relation to Equilibrium Constants (Frame 40 and beyond) and should be studied to aid the student s understanding and thus enable interpretation of the differing presentations made in the different textbook sources ... 

As discussed in the subsections below, the issues that frame the competitive challenge in using hydrogen include the following ... 

Risk communication is needed throughout the whole risk handling chain, from the framing of the issue to the monitoring of risk management impacts. The precise form of communication needs to reflect the nature of the risks under consideration, their context and whether they arouse, or could arouse, societal concern. Communication has to be a means to both ensure that (Renn 2008) ... 

The sulfur dioxide content of the exhaust, which can be fairly high for sulfurous fuels, causes irritation of the respiratory tract, but these irritations cannot become critical within the time frame at issue here. 

---