Knowledge scientific

At the basis of each technological solution is a detailed scientific knowledge of the underlying physical phenomena. Currently, the area of fundamental research 

In general, reactant diffusion in the electrode structure, that is, physical kinetics, plays a fundamental role in MCFC performance, limiting efficiency to a maximum utilization factor of about 75 and 56% for H2 and CO2, respectively. 

When the circuit is open and no current flows, the activity of each reactant on the electrode surface is equal to its activity in the bulk. The Nemst thermodynamic voltage expression can be written in terms of the bulk activity, or the concentrations in the ideal solution simplification, and yields the open-circuit voltage (OCV) for the overall electrochemical reaction [Eq. (3.3)] of hydrogen combustion. 

The cell voltage is always lower than the OCV because when the electrochemical reaction occurs, the voltage decays by a term A Ere due to thermodynamic concentration polarization  

The fraction inside the parentheses can be expressed [32] in terms of the local Hmit current density Jr, that is, the maximum current reachable when the limiting reactant concentration on the electrode surface approaches zero, and further simpHfied to 

In the past, geotechnical evaluations of coal mine roof rock have been based largely on laboratory testing of rock properties, such as uniaxial compressive strength and direct sheer. However, laboratory testing fails to consider the field-scale discontinuities, particularly bedding planes (28), that usually control the structural competence of the roof.-  

Scientific knowledge provides an explanatory account of the invisible physical ftjrces, molecular interactions, geological divisions, and chemical interactions that are perceived as data in and through instrumentation and analysis. 

In a coal mine, scientific knowledge can provide a rationale for practices and outcomes that are literally and temporally beyond the range of human observation and perception. 

What scientists recognize as invisible danger, of course, differs from what miners see in the mines. Experts recognize stress distributions, horizontal secondary principal stresses, rock-mass behavior, cell response, and stress distribution in data accumulated from test borings, sensometers, and mathematical analysis. Like roof bolts, the workings of science are literally invisible to human perception. 

Scientists themselves frequently deploy more than one type of warrant as a guide to risk decision making. Despite its apparent distance from material experience in local sites, scientific knowledge makes sense only if scientists construct physically probable objects that conform to actual conditions underground. If representations fail to meet these expectations, both mathematical calculations and verbal conclusions must be adjusted to conform to the material possibilities of density, specific gravity, and the like. 

---

The next topic to address is the process of setting OELs. The rationale for setting OELs has no basis in absolute information, and the procedure to be followed may differ from country to country and from substance to substance. Scientific criteria for health protection should be used in combination with considerations of their technical and economic feasibility in a dynamic process in which the development of scientific knowledge underlies rapid changes entailing the need to periodically review the data. 

This international handbook will be updated regularly in order to meet our objective of including the most current scientific knowledge on a global basis. The plan is to also publish additional volumes to cover systems and... 

The difficulties in dealing with these fundamental solid behaviors were aptly characterized as the metallurgical mud by Walsh and Taylor [84T01]. It has proven to be a difficult task to extricate shock-compression science from the metallurgical mud. Mixing of chemical ooze into the metallurgical mud has now further clouded our scientific knowledge of the processes. 

B. Martin, Scientific Knowledge in Controversy The Social Dynamics of the Fluoridation Debate, State University of New York Press, Albany, N.Y. 1991, 256 pp. 

In preparing this book I have attempted to do two distinct things (i) to provide a brief, readable introduction to the chemistry of polymers and (ii) to emphasise the applied aspects of the scientific knowledge presented. I believe that any introductory book ought to be written in a way that encourages its proposed audience actually to read it. Also as an applied scientist myself I want to emphasise the applications of polymer chemistry since I believe that these are worth covering in a book of this type. 

Understanding the nature of chemistiy, its norms and methods. That is, how chemists go about their work and how the products of that activity are accepted as scientific knowledge ... 

In this section, we show how the multimodal perspective of scientific knowledge would shed light on our understanding of students conceptions and difficulties when learning chemistry. 

This is the framework of methodologies that can be used to conduct legitimate enquiries in a subject, meaning those which lead to the production of acceptable scientific knowledge. The natures of each of the types within the representational triplet and their relationships to each other provide an explanatory framework in respect of all chemical phenomena. The macro and submicro types of representation do so for the Group A curriculum at the desired qualitative level, whilst the addition of the symbolic type completes the scope of chemical explanation in the Group B curriculum. 

With improvements in scientific knowledge and related technology, there is an expectation that more environmentally friendly pesticides will continue to be introduced, and that ecotoxicity testing procedures will become more sophisticated. There is much interest in the introduction of better testing procedures that work to more ecologically relevant end points than the lethal toxicity tests that are still widely used. Such a development should be consistent with the aims of organizations such as FRAME and ECVAM, which seek to reduce toxicity testing with animals. Mechanistic biomarker assays have the potential to be an important part of... 

If, in some cataclysm, all of scientific knowledge were to be destroyed, and only one sentence passed on to the next generations of creatures, what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words I believe it is the atomic hypothesis (or the atomic/act, or whatever you wish to call it) that all things are made of atoms—little particles that move around in perpetual... 

All compounds, from the simple ones such as water and ammonia to the most complex, are held together by chemical bonds. All chemical bonds—from purely covalent to strongly ionic—act the way they do because of the nature of the atoms that form the bonds. Our knowledge of those atoms is at the heart of the science of chemistry. Understanding Richard Feynmans little particles has enabled mankind to manage the natural world to suit its needs. Feynman was undoubtedly correct when he said that the atomic hypothesis (or the atomic fact, or whatever you wish to call it) is the most concise and important summary of scientific knowledge produced by mankind. And it is crucial that every generation passes it on to the next. 

Rouse, Joseph. What are cultural studies of scientific knowledge Configurations 1 (1991) 1-22. 

And throughout the book he pays close attention to the cultural and institutional contexts within which scientific knowledge was created and disseminated and to the ways in which the content and practice of science were influenced by interaction with philosophy and religion. Carefully selected maps, drawings, and photographs complement the text... 

---