Scientific fact

Research had helped Du Pont convert from explosives to consumer goods. The company opened the first modern research laboratory in the American chemical industry in 1902. By 1921, the United States had more than 500 industrial research laboratories eager to duplicate goods previously imported from Germany. Most American industrial laboratories applied known scientific facts to practical problems, however. Thus, Du Pont s offer to Carothers embodied the first attempt by an American chemical manufacturer to discover new fundamental scientific explanations for natural phenomena. If Carothers was willing to work for industry, Du Pont was an attractive choice. 

Blue Genes and Polyester Plants 365 More Surprising Scientific Facts, Breakthroughs, and Discoveries... 

See Bruno Latour, The Pasteurization of France, trans. Alan Sheridan and John Law (Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1988) Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump Hobbes, Boyle and the Experimental Life (Princeton Princeton University Press, 1985). Also see, Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life The Construction of Scientific Facts, 2d ed. (Princeton Princeton University Press, 1986). 

Kuhn, see Ludwik Fleck, Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, trans. Fred Bradley and Thaddeus J. 

See Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life The Construction of Scientific Facts, 2d ed. 

Their action focused renewed attention on a problem of increasing concern within the scientific community how to separate what a scientist says as a concerned citizen from what he says as a scientist reporting scientific facts. 

Now that everything is behind us, I begin to understand how we benefited from exceptional circumstances when most important scientific facts were harvested with an incredible timing the ink had barely dried when they came to fill essential... 

To summarize, the existence and role of force in STM is now a well-established scientific fact. At a relatively large absolute distance, for example, 5 A, the force between these two parties is attractive. (By absolute distance we mean the distance between the nucleus of the apex atom of the tip and the top-layer nuclei of the sample surface.) At very short absolute distances, for example, 1.5 A, the force between these two parts is repulsive. Between these two extremes, there is a well-defined position where the net force between the tip and the sample is zero. It is the equilibrium distance. On the absolute distance scale, the equilibrium distance is about 2-2.5 A. Therefore, the tip-sample distance of normal STM operation is 3-7 A on the absolute distance scale. In this range, the attractive atomic force dominates, and the distortion of wavefunctions cannot be disregarded. Therefore, any serious attempt to understand the imaging mechanism of STM should consider the effect of atomic forces and the wavefunction distortions. 

Antoine-Fran ois de Fourcroy, one of the outstanding chemistry textbook authors of the late eighteenth century, thought that the practitioner of every science ought to be familiar with its history. For such a history, being a relation of scientific facts, fixes the dates of discoveries, points out the errors of our predecessors, and indicates the path that leads to success. Historical introductions in scientific textbooks continued to be... 

I don t quite know how to answer this question, as it raises a philosophical point rather than scientific fact. Certainly the fact that many enzymes are isolated as soluble species is not proof that these same enzymes do not exist as part of multienzyme complexes in the cell. Nevertheless, I think it is unlikely that this is the case. The formation of multienzyme complexes presumably was due to evolutionary selection. Unless some appreciable advantage is gained by the formation of a multienzyme complex, no reason exists for its formation. Based on this line of reasoning, I believe many enzymes exist as soluble species in the cell rather than as part of specifically organized structures. 

The physical description of the simulated systems in Odyssey is via classical potential functions that have been developed for research applications. In many areas relevant to teaching, the description is at least qualitatively correct. This is all that is required from a pedagogical standpoint. Nevertheless, the models do fail on occasion, even qualitatively. Rather than being a drawback, this can well be considered a compelling illustration of the fact that eventually all scientific models have intrinsic limitations. As teachers of science (rather than of scientific facts), we should be conveying this to our students in any case Going back to the laboratory is eventually the only way to find out ... 

Latour, B. and Woolgar, S. 1979. Laboratory Life The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. Sage, Beverly Hills. 

It is always dangerously easy to understand scientific facts after they have been established. We call this the power of the retrospectoscope. But this one really does make sense, especially as it fits so well with the phenomenological evidence. Still, we would like to know much, much more about these patients. Why, for example, does sleep thinking stop Why, also, does sleep emotion stop It should still be possible, certainly. 

Mankind is already exposed to many carcinogens whose presence in the environment cannot be easily controlled. In view of the nature of cancer, the long latent period of its development, and the irreversibility of chemical carcinogenesis, it would be highly improper to expose the general population to an increased risk if the benefits were small, questionable, or restricted to limited segments of the population. Such benefit-risk considerations not only must be based on scientific facts but also must be ethical, with as broad a population base as possible used in the decision-making process. 

Model selection will have a profound effect on low-dose risks, and indications of this variability should be provided. Biological variability must also be described. It is essential to differentiate all of these assumptions and judgments from scientific fact. Indeed, clear distinctions should be drawn between chemicals for which qualitative evidence is overwhelming and those for which the evidence is marginal for additional insight on the quantitative conclusions. 

It should be observed at this point that one of the responsibilities that falls on the shoulders of all scientists in this country is the scientists obligation to help their fellow citizens, who have not had the advantage of technical or scientific training, to understand the realities of such subjects as nuclear waste, thus making it possible to legislate more intelligently and realistically in subject areas wherein technical and scientific facts are so important. 

My defense attorney had asked the expert witness Rudolf to appear. This expert witness was in the courtroom, his expert report had already been submitted along with other official records. However, the expert witness was not allowed to speak and the expert report was not allowed to be read. The expert report and irrefutable scientific facts were denied by presiding judge Siebenburger. 

I myself shall die in prison for publishing scientific facts. By means of an unbelievably satanic twisting of history our people will be held defenseless and subject to extortion , as the Association of German Veterans wrote in its journal Soldat im Volk no. 7/8 in 1992. In this condition of eternal abject surrender we shall be destroyed by means of a horrifying multiculturalism. This has forced me to a desperate defensive measure, which takes the form of unauthorized publication of Rudolf s Expert Report on the alleged gas chambers of Auschwitz. 

In this chapter some of the theoretical concepts used in these models will be outlined. In particular, emphasis will be given to the chemical thermodynamic principles that can be used to predict the stable forms of a given element. Such chemical principles provide the theoretical foundation of the commonly used chemical models. These models can be used to predict the final extent of reaction but not the rate. It is probably fair to say that these laws as basic principles are indisputable scientific fact however, problems arise when we try to apply them to ill-defined complex natural media such as soils and soil solutions where some reactions are kinetically slow and practically irreversible. However inadequate our chemical models are in relation to real-world situations they are the best we have and can be used to give valuable insight and meaning into the processes we observe. 

The examiner rejected the claims as obvious based primarily on two references that confirmed that 2-methyl-2-pentenoic acid was a known component of strawberries. One of the references simply identified the material via an analytical procedure without physically isolating the material, and the other reference was the applicant s own technical report. The cited references were not listed as prior art per se, but rather as evidence of scientific fact that the strawberry component 2-methyl-2-pentenoic acid was found naturally in strawberries. The USPTO examiner rejected the claims, stating ... 

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