Distributive justice

Nowhere is this concern with individual rights more crucial than in questions concerning the justice of energy policy. Distributive justice demands that the benefits and burdens of energy policy be distributed in ways that respect the equal dignity and worth of every individual. A prims facie violation of justice occurs when social benefits and burdens are distributed unequally. Particularly troubling inequalities occur when the benefits of policy go to the powerful and wealthy, while the burdens are distributed primarily among the poor and less powerful. 

The concept of justice, that is, the matter of giving each person what is due that person, is necessarily connected to the distribution of benefits and burdens, whatever they might be and however they are conceived. The relationship between computer use and power will turn on the moral concept of justice, especially distributive justice. As many business ethics textbooks... 

Lee, S. S. 2000. Race, Distributive Justice and the Promise of Pharmacogenomics Ethical... 

The increased utilization of health care services by the elderly is expected to put additional strains on an already besieged health care system. Increasing the life span, either through preventive measures or through other acts of distributive justice, solves some problems while creating others. This astounding paradox will assuredly complicate the political and social processes of decision making. Equally likely will be the burdens these phenomena add to an already overburdened national economy. 

In chapter 41 consider some issues of distributive justice. Exploitation is seen as a main flaw of capitalism, because it violates the principle To each according to his contribution." Although I do believe contrary to several recent writers - that Marx did condemn capitalism on the grounds of distributive injustice, I also believe that this was less important in his eyes than the lack of self-realization stemming from alienation. Yet when we turn to communism, issues of distribution also arise if we admit that... 

Husami, Z. Marx on distributive justice. Philosophy and PublkAffairsZii ), 27-64. 

Rationing according to cost is the systematic and deliberate denial of some resources, although they could be very beneficial, because they are considered very expensive. Those cases for which there are less expensive alternative therapies, which are equally efficient and safe, are excluded. This would clearly be the most just (principles of rationality and distributive justice) and suitable therapy. 

Rationing of therapies that are thought to be neither suitable nor nonsuitable (there is no proof for or against) which are restricted or denied due to their elevated cost. The conflict in this situation comes about between the principle of beneficence (if the physician orders the treatment) or the principle of autonomy (the patient wants the therapy) and that of justice. No conflict exists if the patient finances his/her own treatment, but it does exist if it is financed by the public health service. Generally, the principle of justice prevails over the other two, and all exceptions should be justifiable. For decisions for rationing to be just (distributive justice), they need to be adopted by the Health Administration. 

Choice of inclusion into research studies should follow the principle of distributive justice, i.e., no member in... 

Industrial concentration in corn and the other seed industries is likely to be exacerbated by unfolding biotechnical advances. The pharmaceutical and chemical companies possessing the biochemistry research base have acquired the seed companies to deliver the ultimate product of their Innovations the seed. The programming of the genetic code in new varieties will proceed on the basis of profitability, but it is not clear how concerns over environmental sustainability, genetic vulnerability, and distributive justice will factor into these equations. 

Messick, D. M. (1991), Equality as a Decision Heuristic, in Psychological Issues in Distributive Justice, B. MeUers, Ed., Cambridge University Press, New York. 

Thomas Christiano, Secession, Democracy and Distributive Justice , 37 Arizona Law Review (1995). 

We educators are entangled in complex and sometimes disturbing practices that may not benefit those we claim to serve. I ask not only that we think hard about practices that harm but also that we turn to a morality of social reciprocity and distributive justice, in which the school and life circumstances of the most vulnerable are considered first (p. 497). 

The ideas of legitimacy, fairness and justice are closely related and different authors use different and sometimes conflicting and overlapping terminology. It is only clear that there are two dimensions the procedural dimension and the substantive dimension. I will use Thomas Franck s terminology as the procedural dimension is based on his theory of fairness. The substantive dimension is primarily based on some of John Rawls ideas of distributive justice. At first, Franck rejected... 

Thomas Franck s procedural fairness termed legitimacy and aspects of John Rawls distributive justice have been introduced as the tools chosen for the analysis. As has been shown, the basis of the discussion is contractarian in the sense that the different actors are related by contracts. Minorities and their rights are considered with a positive attitude without letting minorities have unlimited rights. Self-determination needs to be divided into internal and external self-determination. Internal self-determination is a positive value for individuals. It is still valuable for the group however, the group s needs have to be balanced with those of the majority. This is the content of the contract the restriction to internal self-determination balanced by the well treatment by the state. 

The relevance of non-binding instmments is shown by applying two sets of criteria. Thomas Franck introduces two dimensions of fairness. Procedural fairness is termed legitimacy and substantive fairness is termed distribute justice. Franck sets up his criteria in relation to mles. 1 use them slightly differently in Chap. 6 on... 

Smith, Graham. Sustainable Federalism, Democratization, and Distributive Justice, in Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman (eds.). Citizenship in Diverse Societies (Oxford University Press Oxford, New York, 2000). 

We do not observe distributive justice justice is in fact based on utility... 

Distributive justice cf. Plato, Republic 1.3310, and Aristotle, Nicomacitean Ethics 5, particularly 5.3 ii3iaio >24. 

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