Black children

Because the numbers of "other than black" children are small, the analysis Is based upon black children. However, the same trends are noted for "other than black" children. 

Table XII shows the population estimate, sample size by stratum, and mean blood lead levels among black children In the reference area of 13.2 and 14.6 pg/dl In the low and high traffic density areas, respectively.

Table XV shows that at the RSR site, the mean blood-lead was found to be 20.1 pg/dl for black children living within 0.5 mile of the smelter (near) as compared to 15.0 for those who live from 0.5 mile to 1 mile (far). Among those who live near the smelter, the mean blood-lead was higher (21.8 pg/dl) for those who also live within 1 block of the major roadways compared to those who live more than 1 block from the roadway (19.1 pg/dl).

Table XVI shows that 17 percent of the black children living near the RSR site, were found to have a blood-lead level > 30 pg/dl In the high traffic density area and 8.3 percent In the low traffic density area. Only 1.6 percent of black children living beyond the 0.5 mile...

Table XVII shows that 5.6 percent of black children living within 0.5 mile of RSR were found to have lead toxicity, and no child living beyond 0.5 mile of RSR was found to have lead toxicity.

The mean blood lead level of black children at the Dixie site was found to be only slightly higher (15.8 g/dl) for those living within 0.5 mile of the smelter as compared to those living within 0.5 - 1 mile (14.9 g/dl). The three non-black children whose blood-lead levels were 30 g/dl were siblings in a family where a parent worked at Dixie Metals (Tables XVIII and XIX). 

Less than 0.5 percent of the black children at the Dixie site were found to have lead toxicity (Table XX). As previously noted, the three non-black children (6.6 percent of non-black children) found to have lead toxicity were siblings In a household where the father had an occupational exposure to lead. 

At neither site is there evidence of absorption of lead to the degree usually associated with clinical symptoms of lead poisoning, and the reported blood-lead levels are not high enough to make this likely. However, a public health concern exists, particularly in the RSR area, since 5 percent of these black children were found to have lead toxicity. 

Schroeder et al. (1985) and Schroeder and Hawk (1987) evaluated 104 black children of lower socioeconomic status at ages 10 months to 6.5 years, using the Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) or Stanford-Binet IQ Scale. Hierarchical backward stepwise regression analyses indicated that PbB levels (range 6-59 pg/dL) were a significant source of the variance in IQ and MDI scores after controlling for socioeconomic status and other factors. Fifty of the children were examined again 5 years later, at which time PbB levels were 30 pg/dL. The 5-year follow-up IQ scores were inversely correlated with... 

The above study was replicated later with 75 asymptomatic black children, 3-7 years old, of uniformly low socioeconomic status (Hawk et al. 1986 Schroeder and Hawk 1987). Backward stepwise multivariate regression analysis revealed a highly significant negative linear relationship between Stanford-Binet IQ scores and contemporary PbB levels over the entire range of 6-47 pg/dL (mean,... 

Suggestive evidence of a lead-related decrease in hearing acuity in children has been reported by Robinson et al. (1985) and Schwartz and Otto (1987, 1991). Hearing thresholds at 2,000 Hertz increased linearly with maximum blood lead levels, indicating that lead adversely affects auditory function. The PbB levels in 75 asymptomatic black children, 3-7 years old, ranged from 6 to 59 tg/dL (mean,... 

Adebonojo FO. 1974. Hematologic status of urban black children in Philadelphia Emphasis on the frequency of anemia and elevated blood lead levels. Clin Pediatr 13 874-888. 

Chen CL, Liu Q, Pui CH et al. Higher frequency of glutathione S-transferase deletions in black children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1997 89 1701-1707. 

L17. Levitsky, L. L., Scanu, A. M., and Gould, S. H., Lipoprotein(a) levels in black children and adolescents with IDDM. Diabetes Care 14, 283-287 (1991). 

According the Blau, The basic object of this book is to identify the social processes that influence the development of intellectual competence in black children and white children in order to account for their differences in measured ability in the early years of schooling. The results of my study provide strong evidence that the sources are social, not... 

States a white woman can have black children but a black woman cannot have white children Doesn t this bespeak a degree of arbitrariness in this business of affixing racial labels 1... 

In South Africa traditional or home-made products are more commonly used in rural areas while products manufactured by small cottage industries are dominant in urban areas. One of the small smokeless industries was bought by Swedish Match in 1999 and they ve continued to manufacture the same products used for both oral and nasal application. Unlike many other countries, nasal use predominates among the 13.2% of black women in South Africa who use smokeless tobacco, 80% nasally and 20% orally. Overall usage is approximately 10%, but reaches 18.6% among black children (Ayo-Yusuf et al. 2004). Only about 1% of South African men use snuff (Ayo-Yusuf et al. 2008). 

In black children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) who were treated with etoposide, the wild-type UGTIAI 28 genotype (TA) has been associated with a higher clearance of etoposide, also indicating that the mutant genotype is responsible for less-potent glucuronidation (40). 

Black Issues in Higher Education (2000). Newspaper report confirms black children more likely to be in inferior schools. Retrieved May 2004. 

Minimal-change disease is more common in children than in adults. It is rare in black children and adults of sub-Saharan Africa. Minimal-change responds well to steroids. However, it may recur after prednisone is decreased or discontinued. In such cases, the addition of cyclophosphamide or chlorambucil may produce a response. The GFR is normal. Progression to renal failure does not occur unless focal glomerulosclerosis is present. 

The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention highlighted concerns about rickets in a 2001 report about several children hospitalized in the southern United States with the disease (Carvalho et al., 2001). They included breast-fed infants who did not receive vitamin D supplements. Although reports are becoming more common, it is not clear if the actual incidence of rickets has increased since there are no national statistics on the condition. The most recent cases of rickets have been black children, whose skin does not absorb as much sunlight as white children. Children, who spend a lot of time indoors, perhaps because of parents long working hours or safety concerns, also are at increased risk. 

Necropsy records of 50 children who had taken herbal medicines made from C. laureola showed typical hepatic and renal tubular necrosis (13). In young Black children the plant causes hypoglycaemia, altered consciousness. 

Watson described 50 black children who had died following the administration of this toxin [16]. Post-mortem examination was conducted in all cases confirming the diagnosis of impila poisoning. No common trend was noted in the clinical presentation of these children. It was concluded that hypoglycemia and evidence of hepatic and renal dysfunction, were strong indicators of impila poisoning. 

Caramihai E, Karayalcin G, Aballi AJ, et al Leukocyte count differences in healthy white and black children 1 to 5 years of age. J Pediatr 86 252-254,1975... 

The activity of CK and LD is usually much higher in both black men and women than in whites. This effect presumably is related to the amount of skeletal muscle, which tends to be greater in blacks than whites. Because of their greater skeletal development, black children usually have a higher-serum ALP at puberty than do white children. Amylase activity in West Indian immigrants to the United Kingdom is typically higher than in native Britons. 

Some dramatic rises and subsequent falls in serum alkaline phosphatase have been described between the ninth and fifteenth years of life (F13, S27). Pettifor et al. (P12), who studied a group of black children, found no such rises, but in other series, values up to 7 times the upper reference limit for adults were present during a rapid growth spurt (F13). 

Most low SES families are single-parent families. More than 80% of single families are headed by women. More than 50% of all black children live with just one parent, usually the mother. Overall, one in five children live in single-parent families. Among families headed by women with children, more than 50% are living below the poverty level, compared with less than 20% for all women with children. 

National snrveys also indicate that the prevalence of childhood obesity has increased even among preschool children less than 5 years of age. The problem is especially acnte among minority preschoolers, with the highest prevalence rates among Mexican-American children, intermediate rates among non-Hispanic black children, and lowest rates in non-Hispanic white children. Obesity has also increased among low-income preschool children. 

---