Soap, isolation

The quaHty, ie, level of impurities, of the fats and oils used in the manufacture of soap is important in the production of commercial products. Fats and oils are isolated from various animal and vegetable sources and contain different intrinsic impurities. These impurities may include hydrolysis products of the triglyceride, eg, fatty acid and mono/diglycerides proteinaceous materials and particulate dirt, eg, bone meal and various vitamins, pigments, phosphatides, and sterols, ie, cholesterol and tocopherol as weU as less descript odor and color bodies. These impurities affect the physical properties such as odor and color of the fats and oils and can cause additional degradation of the fats and oils upon storage. For commercial soaps, it is desirable to keep these impurities at the absolute minimum for both storage stabiHty and finished product quaHty considerations. 

A significant advance in metal soap technology occurred in the 1920s with the preparation of the metal naphthenates. Naphthenic acids (qv) are not of precise composition, but rather are mixtures of acids isolated from petroleum. Because the mixture varies, so does acid number, or the combining equivalent of the acid, so that the metal content of the drier would not always be the same from lot to lot. The preparation of solvent solutions of these metal naphthenates gave materials that were easy to handle and allowed the metal content to be standardized. Naphthenates soon became the standard for the industry. 

Trees, especially conifers, contain tall oils. Tall oil is not isolated dkecfly tall oil fatty acids are isolated from the soaps generated as a by-product of the sulfate pulping process for making paper. Refined tall oil fatty acids are obtained by acidification of the soaps, followed by fractional distillation to separate the fatty acids from the rosin acids and terpene hydrocarbons that also are present in the cmde tall oil fatty acids (see Carboxylic acids Fatty ACIDS FROMTALL OIL). 

This acid, CgHj. CH COOH, is a sweet-smelling substance, especially recommended for sweetening soap perfumes. It occurs in neroli oil, and has a sweet honey-like odour. It is formed by converting toluene into benzyl chloride which is converted into benzyl cyanide, which is digested with dilute sulphuric acid, and so converted into phenyl-acetic acid. It is a crystalline body, melting at 76° to 76 5° and Iwiling at 266°. It has been isolated from oil of neroli. 

Hospital isolates of Serratia marcescens may be highly resistant to ehlorhexidine, hexachlorophane liquid soaps and detergent creams. The outer membrane probably determines resistance to biocides. 

Isolation Standard precautions for all aspects of care, contact precautions, and strict hand washing with antimicrobial soap. 

Decontamination Soap and water, or diluted sodium hypochlorite solution (0.5 percent). Removal of potentially contaminated clothing should be done by people in full protective clothing in an area away from non-contaminated persons. For victims with bubonic plague, drainage, and secretion procedures need to be employed. Careful treatment of buboes is required to avoid aerosolizing infectious material. For victims with pneumonic plague, strict isolation is absolutely necessary. Heat, disinfectants and sunlight renders bacteria harmless. 

Regarding isolation and decontamination, Standard Precautions are recommended for healthcare personnel. Person-to-person transmission is rare. Victims exposed to Q fever by aerosol do not present a risk for secondary contamination or re-aerosolization of the organism. Decontamination can be done with soap and water, or a 0.5 percent chlorine solution on personnel. 

Decontamination Institute standard precautions for healthcare workers. Organisms are relatively easy to render harmless by mild heat (55 degrees Celcius for ten minutes) and standard disinfectants. Secretion and lesion precautions should be practiced, although strict isolation of patients is not required. Soap and water, or diluted sodium hypochlorite solution (0.5 percent). Secretion and lesion precautions are necessary, but strict isolation of victims is not required. 

A synthetic alternative to this is the chemical reduction of metal salts in the presence of extremely hydrophilic surfactants have yielded isolable nanometal colloids having at least 100 mg of metal per litre of water [105], The wide range of surfactants conveniently used to prepare hydrosols with very good redispersibility properties include amphiphilic betaines A1-A4, cationic, anionic, nonionic and even environmentally benign sugar soaps. Table 3.1 presents the list of hydrophilic stabilizers used for the preparation of nanostructured colloidal metal particles, and Table 3.2 shows the wide variety of transition metal mono- and bi-metallic hydrosols formed by this method [105,120],... 

Experiment.—Dissolve 0-4 g. of the acetic acid-desoxycholic acid compound, prepared as above, in 4 c.c. of 2A-sodium hydroxide. Prepare also from about 100 mg. of the fatty acids isolated, by boiling with a few cubic centimetres of dilute sodium hydroxide solution, a soap solution and cool it till it sets to a jelly. Add part of the solution of desoxycholic-acetic acid. The soap dissolves. 

Bottom line on chemical weapons (it s the same if they use industrial chemical spills) they are intended to make you panic, to terrorize you, to herd you like sheep to the wolves. If there is an attack, leave the area and go upwind, or to the sides of the wind stream. They have to get the stuff to you, and on you. You re more likely to be hurt by a drunk driver on any given day than be hurt by one of these attacks. Our odds get better if you leave the area. Soap, water, time, and fresh air really deal this stuff a knock-out punch. Don t let fear of an isolated attack rule your life. The odds are really on your side... 

Trees, especially conifers, contain tall oils. Tall oil is not isolated directly tall oil fatty acids arc isolated from the soaps generated as byproducts of the sulfate pulping process for making paper. 

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