Chlorine solution

Chemically, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol behaves as a typical alcohol. It can be converted to trifluoroacetaldehyde [75-90-1] or trifluoroacetic acid [76-05-1] by various oxidi2iag agents such as aqueous chlorine solutions (51) or oxygen ia the preseace of a vanadium pentoxide catalyst (52). Under basic conditions, it adds to tetrafluoroethylene and acetylene to give, respectively, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2/2/2 -trifluoroethyl ether [406-78-0] (53) and... 

The raw precious metal concentrate is totally dissolved in hydrochloric acid—chlorine solution to form the soluble chloride ions of each of the metals. Silver remains as insoluble silver chloride and can be filtered off. Gold, in the form of [AuClJ, is extracted with, eg, tributyl phosphite or methyl isobutyl ketone. Base metals are also extracted in this step, and are removed from the organic phase by scmbbing with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl). Iron powder is then used to reduce the gold species and recover them from the organic phase. 

In the reaction of aEyl alcohol with an aqueous chlorine solution, addition of hypochlorous acid to the double bond of aEyl alcohol yields glycerol monochlorohydrin and as a by-product, glycerol dichlorohydrin. Thus, a poor yield of glycerol monochlorohydrin is obtained (8). To improve the yield of glycerol monochlorohydrin, addition of sodium carbonate in an amount equivalent to that of the hydrogen chloride in the aqueous chlorine solution, has been proposed (9). 

Uses. AEyl chloride is industrially the most important aHyl compound among all the aHyl compounds (see Chlorocarbons and CHLOROHYDROCARBONS, ALLYL CHLORIDE). It is used mosdy as an intermediate compound for producing epichlorohydrin, which is consumed as a raw material for epoxy resins (qv). World production of AC is approximately 700,000 tons per year, the same as that of epichlorohydrin. Epichlorohydrin is produced in two steps reaction of AC with an aqueous chlorine solution to yield dichloropropanol (mixture of 1,3-dichloropropanol and 2,3-dichloropropanol) by chlorohydrination, and then saponification with a calcium hydroxide slurry to yield epichlorohydrin. 

Ga.s Eeeders. Chlorine gas is usually fed from a chlorine cylinder equipped with a pressure gauge, reducing valve, regulating valve, feed-rate indicator, and aspirator-type injector for dissolving the chlorine gas in water. The feeder can be manually, or more desirably automatically, controlled utili2ing continuous amperometric or potentiometric measurement of the free chlorine residual. The chlorine solution is normally introduced into the return line to the filter. 

Gasoline accumulator Solvents Storage vessels Lube oil refining Polyethylene gas vents Styrene Copper naphthenates Insecticides Phthalic anhydride Resin reactors Ammonia Chlorine solutions Dry cleaning Degreasers Tar dipping Kraft paper... 

A major disadvantage of this system is the limitation of the single-pass gas-chlorination phase. Unless increased pressure is used, this equipment is unable to achieve higher concentrations of chlorine as an aid to a more complete and controllable reaction with the chlorite ion. The French have developed a variation of this process using a multiple-pass enrichment loop on the chlorinator to achieve a much higher concentration of chlorine and thereby quickly attain the optimum pH for maximum conversion to chlorine dioxide. By using a multiple-pass recirculation system, the chlorine solution concentrates to a level of 5-6 g/1. At this concentration, the pH of the solution reduces to 3.0 and thereby provides the low pH level necessary for efficient chlorine dioxide production. A single pass results in a chlorine concentration in water of about 1 g/1, which produces a pH of 4 to 5. If sodium chlorite solution is added at this pH, only about 60 percent yield of chlorine dioxide is achieved. The remainder is unreacted chlorine (in solution) and... 

Duirk SE, TW Collette (2006) Degradation of chlopyrifos in aqueous chlorine solutions pathways, kinetics, and modeling. Environ Sci Technol 40 546-551. 

Liposomes made from pure phosphatidylcholine or containing lipids that are found in the cell membrane complex of wool (e.g. cholesterol) have been used to encapsulate aqueous chlorine solutions in chlorination processes [61,62]. The results showed improvements in... 

Another important factor to be considered is the effect of temperature in the washing process. Chlorine has its maximum solubility at 4 °C, but it has been shown that the chlorinated washing water should ideally have a temperature that is at least 10 °C higher than that of the product. Results from a study by Zhuang et al. (1995) showed that a significantly higher number of Salmonella cells was taken up by the core tissue when tomatoes at a temperature of 25 °C were dipped in a chlorine solution held at 10 °C. 

Regarding isolation and decontamination, Standard Precautions are recommended for healthcare personnel. Person-to-person transmission is rare. Victims exposed to Q fever by aerosol do not present a risk for secondary contamination or re-aerosolization of the organism. Decontamination can be done with soap and water, or a 0.5 percent chlorine solution on personnel. 

Cyanoethylation of wood meal has been used to impart thermoplasticity to wood (Morita and Sakata, 1986 Hon and San Luis, 1989). Treatment of cyanoethylated wood with a chlorine solution has also been found to improve the solubility of the treated wood in various organic solvents (Morita etal, 1987). Films have been prepared by casting from DMF solution on to glass (Yamawaki etal, 1990). 

The propene is finally treated with chlorine solution and it undergoes an addition reaction to form the desired product, 1,2-dichloropropane. 

Phosphine bums to PCls and hydrogen chloride in a chlorine atmosphere 311,313) aqueous chlorine solution oxidises PH3 to phosphoric acid (see also Section IV.7). ... 

The concentrations of amino acids in the buffered aqueous solutions (pH 6.2) were selected to give a total organic carbon content of 1-3 mg/L, and chlorination conditions were as described for the chlorination of mixtures of model compounds. The chlorinated solutions were concentrated by XAD-2 adsorption/ethyl ether elution, tested for mutagenicity, and analyzed by GC-MS. 

Cl2 (aq.) (ideal). Chlorine gas dissolved in water is in part hydrolyzed to form HC1 and HCIO. In addition, aqueous chlorine solutions decom-... 

Chlorination is accomplished in a packed tower in which the hydrocarbon steam is contacted with a saturated aqueous solution of chlorine. The chlorine solution is made in another packed tower. Because of the limited solubility of chlorine, chlorohydrin solution from the chlorinator is recirculated through the solution tower at a rate high enough to supplement the fresh water needed for the process. Solubility of chlorine in the chlorohydrin solution is approximately the same as in fresh water. 

Overhead from the chlorinator is scrubbed to remove excess chlorine in two vessels in succession which employ water and 5% caustic solution, respectively. The water from the first scrubber is used in the chlorine solution tower. The caustic is recirculated in order to provide adequate wetting of the packing in the caustic scrubber fresh material is charged in at the same rate as spent material is purged. Following the second scrubber, propylene dichloride is recovered from the gas by chilling it. The spent gas is recycled to the chlorinator in the required amount, and the excess is flared. 

Cyclohexane serves to solubilize the fat. It should be purchased new and dated if the data become erratic and no other source can be found for the problem, new cyclohexane should be obtained. Wijs solution is an iodine/chlorine solution in acetic acid. It acts to provide iodine monochloride (in excess) which reacts with the double bond. Wijs solution is sensitive to temperature, moisture, and light, and must be stored as recommended above. 

Sodium hypochlorite is supplied as an 11 to 13% available chlorine solution. Handling is not usually a problem, but the significant volumes required usually make bleach suitable for only small cooling systems. 

The methods using sulfur(IV) species have some disadvantages as pH decreases, such as handling difficulties and high cost. Removal of chlorine residues with ammonia and chloro-aminines have harmful effects on aquatic environments and have other unpleasant properties, such as obnoxious odor, dechlorination odor, etc. Therefore, a method for reduction of chlorine to chloride using metallic iron in chlorine solutions has been studied by Ozdemir and Tufekci (1997). Chlorine solutions were prepared from chlorine obtained either by NaCl electrolysis or commercially. The chlorine solution in water was mixed at 20°C in a temperature-controlled bath. The experi-... 

Isopropylidine adenosine was converted to the p-toluene sulphonyl (tosyl) ester by reaction with tosyl chlorine solution, following the method of Clark et al. (1951) [J. Chem. Soc. 2952]. Because of its tendency to cyclization, the reagent was used directly it was ready. A reaction flask with separating funnels was set up in such a way that the whole system could be evacuated and filled with pure nitrogen two or three times, to eliminate all oxygen, and reagents could then be added when desired, in the closed system. 

Supported liquid-phase catalysts (SLPCs) combine the salient features of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis for enhanced catalytic and/or process efficiency (337). SLPC catalysts, in which a liquid-phase (homogeneous) catalyst is dispersed within a porous support, have been used in Wacker-type ethylene oxidation for acetaldehyde and vinyl acetate production (337, 338). In the former case, a traditional homogeneous Wacker catalyst (vide supra) consisting of a chlorinated solution of Pd and Cu chlorides retained on a support with monomodal pore size distribution... 

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