Smallpox antibodies

Do not take live virus vaccinations (eg, smallpox) because of the risk of a lack of antibody response This does not include patients receiving the corticosteroids as replacement therapy. 

Antibody Production to Yellow Fever, Smallpox, Polio, and Other... 

The antibody response to yellow fever vaccine was impaired in protein-deficient children with kwashiorkor compared to the well-nourished controls. Polio antibody production was normal in the malnourished children, all of whom also responded in the normal fashion to smallpox vaccination. They had no evidence of disseminated vaccinia (B8). In Guatemala, on the other hand, smallpox vaccination of children who had fully recovered from severe protein-calorie malnutrition led to a drop in their nitrogen retention with the added complication of disseminated vaccinia (V3). 

Immunosuppression During therapy, do not use live virus vaccines (eg, smallpox). Do not immunize patients who are receiving corticosteroids, especially high doses, because of possible hazards of neurological complications and a lack of antibody response. This does not apply to patients receiving corticosteroids as replacement therapy. 

Three basic approaches are used to control viral diseases vaccination, antiviral chemotherapy, and stimulation of host resistance mechanisms. Vaccination has been used successfully to prevent measles, rubella, mumps, poliomyelitis, yellow fever, smallpox, chickenpox, and hepatitis B. Unfortunately, the usefulness of vaccines appears to be limited when many stereotypes are involved (e.g., rhinoviruses, HIV). Furthermore, vaccines have little or no use once the infection has been established because they cannot prevent the spread of active infections within the host. Passive immunization with human immune globulin, equine antiserum, or antiserum from vaccinated humans can be used to assist the body s own defense mechanisms. Intramuscular preparations of immune globulin may be used to prevent infection following viral exposure and as replacement therapy in individuals with antibody deficiencies. Peak plasma concentrations of intramuscular immune globulins occur in about 2 days. In contrast, intravenously administered immune globulin provides immediate passive immunity. 

For many years the preferred approach to immunity to infectious disease lias been by development of active immunity through the injection of a vaccine. The vaccine may be either an attenuated live infections agent, or an inactivated or killed product. In either case, protective substances called antibodies are generated in the bloodstream these, are described in the next section. Vaccines for a number of diseases have been available for many years and have assisted in the eradication of some diseases, such as smallpox. As new strains of bacteria and viruses are discovered, additional vaccines becomes available from time to time. See also Vaccine Technology,... 

Test results, standards to be met. The residual moisture and other volatile substances shall not exceed 1.0 percent except that, (i) they. shall not exceed 1.5 percent for BCG Vaccine, (ii) they shall not exceed 2.0 percent for Measles Vims Vaccine Live, Measles Live and Smallpox Vaccine, Rubella Vims Vaccine Live, and Antihemophilic Factor (Human) (iii) they shall not exceed 3.0 percent for Thrombin and Streptokinase, and (iv) they shall not exceed 4.5 percent for Antibody to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen for the Reverse Passive Hemaglutination Test. ... 

People previously vaccinated for smallpox can develop a febrile illness after exposure to a smallpox case. Typically, fever begins suddenly, reaches 39°C and is associated with headache and occasionally backache. Symptoms resolve within 48h. Serologic studies in these patients have suggested the diagnosis of variola sine eruptione by demonstrating a significant rise in variola antibody titers following the illness (25). 

Antibody to Antibody to Antibody to an anthrax a smallpox an influenza... 

Undoubtedly, both cellular and humoral immune responses are important to recovery from smallpox. The inability of poxviruses to persist stably within the host cell accounts for their infections being relatively short-lived, without establishment of a latent infection. The importance of cellular immunity in recovery from infection has been demonstrated with other poxviruses,39 and the same is generally assumed with variola. Vaccination experiences demonstrated the rare but terrible consequence of vaccinia necrosum in persons with defects of cellular immunity. Early presentation on the host cell membrane of virus-encoded proteins provides means for immune recognition.40 It has been demonstrated that both antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity41 and heterogeneous cluster of differentiation (CD) 4+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clones42 are induced in response to vaccinia infection, and some immunodominant B-cell epitopes have been defined in both mice and vaccinated humans.43 The relatively large size of poxvirus polypeptides facilitates their rec-... 

Persons who recovered from smallpox possessed long-lasting immunity, although a second attack could occur in 1 in 1,000 persons after an intervening period of 15 to 20 years.77 As discussed earlier, both humoral and cellular responses are important components of recovery from infection. Neutralizing antibodies peak 2 to 3 weeks following onset, and last longer than 5 years.78... 

Downie AW, St. Vincent L, Goldstein L, Rao AR, Kempe CH. Antibody response in non-haemorrhagic smallpox patients. J Hygiene. 1969 67 609-618. 

Lublin-Tannenbaum T, Katzenelson E, El-ad B, Katz E. Correlation between cutaneous reaction in vaccinees immunized against smallpox and antibody titer determined by plaque neutralization test and ELISA. Viral Immunology. 1990 3 (1) 19-25. 

Mack TM, Noble J, Thomas DB. A prospective study of serum antibody and protection against smallpox. Am J TropMedHyg. 1972 21 (2) 214-218. 

Sarkar JK, Mitra AC, Mukherjee MK. The minimum protective level of antibodies in smallpox. Bull WHO. 1975 52 307-311. 

El-Ad B, Roth Y, Winder A, et al. The persistence of neutralizing antibodies after revaccination against smallpox. J Infect Dis. 1990 161 446-448. 

Thus, Lewis says, for instance Walt is immune to smallpox. Why Because he possesses antibodies capable of killing off any smallpox vims that might come along. But his possession of antibodies doesn t cause his immunity. It is his immunity. Immunity is a disposition, to have a disposition is to have something or other that occupies a certain causal role, and in Walts case what occupies the role is his possession of antibodies (1986b, p. 223) [Emphasis original]. 

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has developed a handheld-type device named Handheld Advanced Nucleic Acid Analyzer (HANAA) (Fig. 3) which is capable of rapid detection of bioagents such as B. anthracis in the field. It uses the TaqMan-based PCR assay system. Due to its small footprint and low weight, it is ideal for field applications. Another development from them is the Nanowire Barcode System which speeds up detection of pathogens such as anthrax, smallpox, ricin, and botulinum. Antibodies of specific pathogens are attached to the nanowires which produce small, reliable, and sensitive detection systems. 

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