Protein-calorie malnutrition

Several circumstances developed during the field test that necessitated repeating the ANOVA after certain data were omitted. For a series of samples, more than one child used the same sample number. This problem is understandable in a setting with a high incidence of protein-calorie malnutrition (19). There were also a few children in the study who were above tRe originally set upper age limit of five years. ANOVAs were made excluding both... 

Protein-calorie malnutrition has a devastating effect on the thymolym-phatic system, and very early in the course of malnutrition in infants, the thymus usually shows a pronounced atrophy, followed by that of the spleen and then the rest of the lymph nodes. How these are related to (a) the defect of the cell-mediated immunity which we frequently observe in subjects with parasitic infection and (b) the autoimmune disorders of the heart, the kidneys, and the spleen in subtropical and tropical populations are not immediately apparent, but they arc useful areas for further investigations. 

Patients with protein-calorie malnutrition, especially children with marasmus and chest infections, had very high levels of serum IgD (R7). Antigen binding activity of IgD to diphtheria-toxoid and to bovine y-globulins in some human sera have been reported (G4, H3). 

It has been known for a long time that protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) is always accompanied by a decrease in the levels of the serum... 

Skbum Immunoglobulin Values (mg/100 ml) in Children WITH Protein-Calorie Malnutrition ... 

The higher than normal serum IgA in many children with protein calorie malnutrition may be related to increased synthesis of IgA by the intestinal lamina propria in resjionse to increased antigenic stimuli from bacteria and virus. This is probably supported by the observation that children with kwashiorkor were found to maintain their polio antibodies during malnutrition, and their immune mechanism seemed to be quite capable of inhibiting poliovirus infection, indicating that the intestinal receptor cell for poliovirus operates normally in kwashiorkor (B8). It is now known that polio antiliodies are mainly associated with IgA. 

The antibody response to yellow fever vaccine was impaired in protein-deficient children with kwashiorkor compared to the well-nourished controls. Polio antibody production was normal in the malnourished children, all of whom also responded in the normal fashion to smallpox vaccination. They had no evidence of disseminated vaccinia (B8). In Guatemala, on the other hand, smallpox vaccination of children who had fully recovered from severe protein-calorie malnutrition led to a drop in their nitrogen retention with the added complication of disseminated vaccinia (V3). 

The massive atrophied change which takes place first in the thymus followed by the spleen could well explain the marked depressed function of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T cells)—phytohemagglutinin-responsive cells—in peripheral blood of subjects with protein calorie malnutrition (J6, M18, S6, S12). 

M18. McFarlane, H., Cell mediated immunity in protein-calorie malnutrition. Lancet ii, 1146-1147 (1971). 

Simtharasamai, P., and Marsden, P. D., Studies of splenomegaly in rodent malaria. Ill Protein-calorie malnutrition and splenomegaly in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei yoeii. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 66, 214-221 (1972). 

Most cases of protein-calorie malnutrition in the United States are secondary to a highly catabolic condition, such as trauma ora major infection. 

In countries where food Is In short supply or the diet is inadequate, protein-calorie malnutrition can take two extreme forms, kwashiorkor and marasmus. 

In developed countries, protein-calorie malnutrition is seen most frequently in hospital patients with chronic illness, or in individuals who suffer from major trauma, severe infection, or the effects of major... 

There are several forms of intolerance to lactose and galactose. Primary adult lactase deficiency is a normal age-related decrease in lactase activity seen in the majority of adults. Secondary lactase deficiency is a transient state of low enzyme activity following injury to the intestinal mucosa as a result of diseases such as celiac sprue, infectious gastroenteritis, and protein-calorie malnutrition. The last two states are common conditions (Dahlqvist 1983). 

People in many regions of the world suffer from protein-calorie malnutrition. If the world population continues to expand toward seven billion by the 21st century the need for more protein will become accentuated. As real demand for protein increases with a burgeoning population and as the emphasis changes from conventional agriculture (because of limitations of land and energy) to more direct consumption of plant and microbial proteins the necessity for new processes and new products will increase. 

Mehta,., Kalsi, H. K., Main, C. K., and Menkes, J. H. (1977). Energy metabolism brain in human protein-calorie malnutrition. Pediatr. Res. 11, 290-293. 

Badger, T. M., and Tumbleson, M. E. (1974), Protein-calorie malnutrition in young mini-atuit Swine Serum free amino acids.. Nuir. 104,1339-1347. 

Erythrocyte and plasma folate concentrations are reduced in protein-calorie malnutrition, but the serum vitamin Bj2 concentration is unaffected or may even be slightly increased. The plasma concentrations of vitamins A and E are much reduced. Although the blood hemoglobin concentration is reduced, the serum iron concentration is initially little affected by malnutrition. 

Olusi SO, McFarlane H, Osunkoya BO, et al. Specific protein assays in protein calorie malnutrition. Clin Chim Acta 1975 62 107-16. 

Protein Ca/orie Malnutrition. Albumin levels have been recommended as a means of detecting and monitoring protein calorie malnutrition, because levels vary directly with adequacy of intake. However, the response of albumin to increased or decreased protein ingestion is relatively slow, in part because of its relatively long half-life (15 to 19 days). Also, as noted previously, the most common cause of low levels is acute or chronic inflammation. Unless inflammation and other causes of increased COP are ruled out, albumin levels do not correlate weU with degree of malnutrition. ... 

Protein calorie malnutrition Pseudohypoaldosteronism Psychosocial failure to thrive Untreated adrenal insufficiency Untreated hypothyroidism... 

Nutritional status. Protein-calorie malnutrition is extremely common in alcoholics. Malnutrition may be due not only to poor intake but also to abnormal nutrient metabolism. Whereas poor nutrition may contribute to the evolution of alcoholic liver disease, adequate nutrition does not prevent its development. In fact, Studies suggest that obesity may be a risk factor. 

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