Vaccinia infection

Methisa2one [1910-68-5] C qH qN OS (l-methyl-3-thiosemicarba2one of 2-oxoindole, (7), one of the more active in the isatin-3-thiosernicarba2one [487-16-1] series, has been used in the treatment and prevention of smallpox and vaccinia infections that develop as complications of smallpox vaccination... 

Vaccines Immunization may be ineffective when given during methotrexate therapy. Immunization with live virus vaccines is generally not recommended. Disseminated vaccinia infections after smallpox immunization have occurred in patients receiving methotrexate. 

The aromatic and heteroaromatic thiosemicarbazones (39) are powerful chelating agents which have been rather neglected in the mainstream of chelation chemistry. Perrin and Stiinzi43) have reviewed their role as antiviral agents and noted their use in 1950 to reduce the severity of vaccinia infections of chick embryos and mice. The thiosemicarbazones have been used prophylactically to prevent outbreaks of smallpox in persons who had been in contact with the disease295). Pfauz96) has reviewed the pharmaceutical applications of thiosemicarbazones. 

Vaccinia Globulin IV Vaccinia Glogulin (Cangene) Vaccinia infections... 

The incidence of abortions is said to be higher in women who have recently received smallpox vaccination in some cases the aborted fetus showed evidence of Vaccinia infection (63). 

Ross J, Gorin M. Vaccinia infection of the eyelids two case reports. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon 1969 48(6) 363-5. 

Vibramycin doxycycline. vidarabine [ban. inn. jan. usan) (adenine arabinoside Ara-A Vira-A ) is a purine nucleoside ANTIVIRAL isolated from the marine gorgonian Evnicella cavoUni and Streptomyces spp. Clinically, it may be used to treat herpes simplex and vaccinia infections. 

Vaccinia immune globulin IV is a vaccinia-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), which directly neutralizes vaccinia virus. It is indicated in treatment and/or modification of aberrant infections induced by vaccinia virus (including accidental implantation in eyes, mouth, or other areas where vaccinia infection would constitute a special hazard), eczema vaccinatum, progressive vaccinia, severe generalized vaccinia, and vaccinia infections in individuals who have skin conditions such as bums, impetigo, varicella-zoster, or poison ivy, or in individuals with eczematous skin lesions. Treat complications that include vaccinia keratitis with caution. 

Undoubtedly, both cellular and humoral immune responses are important to recovery from smallpox. The inability of poxviruses to persist stably within the host cell accounts for their infections being relatively short-lived, without establishment of a latent infection. The importance of cellular immunity in recovery from infection has been demonstrated with other poxviruses,39 and the same is generally assumed with variola. Vaccination experiences demonstrated the rare but terrible consequence of vaccinia necrosum in persons with defects of cellular immunity. Early presentation on the host cell membrane of virus-encoded proteins provides means for immune recognition.40 It has been demonstrated that both antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity41 and heterogeneous cluster of differentiation (CD) 4+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clones42 are induced in response to vaccinia infection, and some immunodominant B-cell epitopes have been defined in both mice and vaccinated humans.43 The relatively large size of poxvirus polypeptides facilitates their rec-... 

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Severe vaccinia infections have been reported in persons immunosup-pressed as a consequence of HIV disease.100"1... 

Hutchens M, Luker KE, Sottile P et al. TLR3 increases disease morbidity and mortality from vaccinia infection. J Immunol 2008 180(1) 483-491. 

Jefferts, E. R., and Holowczak, J. A., 1971, RNA synthesis in vaccinia-infected L cells Inhibition of ribosomes formation and maturation. Virology 46 730. 

Kit, S., and Dubbs, D. R., 1962, Biochemistry of vaccinia-infected mouse fibroblasts (strain L-M). Effects on nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Virology 18 274. 

Munyon, W. H., and Kit, S., 1966, Induction of cytoplasmic RNA synthesis in vaccinia-infected LM cells during inhibition of protein synthesis. Virology 29 303. 

Immune response was noted in all subjects as measured by seroconversion. There was no antiviral activity by the oral route. In animal experiments, oral rifampicin had no effect against herpes simplex, Mengo virus, intranasal influenza A/PR 8 or against Intracerebral vaccinia infections of mice. However, a significant dose-related reduction of tail lesions in vaccinia infected mice was demonstrated the optimum regimen was 250 mg/kg of rifampicin beginning 24 hours prior to infection and continuing for 4 days. 

In vivo experiments79 indicated a decrease in mortality from herpes corneal infection in hamsters and a reduction in tail lesions in vaccinia infected mice. No protection was afforded against encephalomyocardltls in the mouse. 

Stiefel, R Schmidt, F. 1. Dorig, R Behr, R Zambelli, T. Vorholt, J. A. Mercer, J. Cooperative vaccinia infection demonstrated at the single-cell level using FluidFM. Nano Lett 2012,12,4219-4227. 

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